1.
Achmad
Rizal H.B. dan lfhendri, 2001
PENANAMAN
PADA KAWASAN HUTAN OLEH MASYARAKAT DI KABUPATEN JAYAWIJAYA, IRIAN JAYA (Planting
in The Forest Area by The Indigenous People in Jayawijaya Regency, Irian Jaya)
Buletin
Penelitian BPK Manokwari, Vol. 6 No.1 Tahun. 2001, pp 1
Summary
The
research had been conducted at same district in Jayawijaya Regency on December
1999. The purpose of this research
is to obtain information about communal forest development in Jayawijaya Regency
that had been being carried out since 1991. Data and information were collected
by using semi-structured interview to some farms that involved in the communal
forest development program, instead of field observation. A handbook of
Socio-economics survey of Indonesian forestry is used as a reference in this
research. The result of the research indicates that there is a role-combination
between government institution and tibal council to establish the area that the
development program will be carried oat. Governtment
institution is responsible to formulate the technical criteria such a species
composition. soil compatibility training requirement, etc., while tribal council
is responsible to formulate the non-technical criteria according to its family
right, etc. It could be implied
that government institution is likely dominant in decision making. Communal
forest area is 1,189.779 ha or about 22.48% from total land use planning in
Jayawijaya, while tree plantation on the area has attained 3,500 ha or about
0.29% during eight years which is scattered in eight districts.
The plantation project can attain only 388.89 ha in a year.
Keywords
: Communal forest development. Tree plantation, Technical criteria, Species
composition
2.
Achmad Supriadi dan Osly Rachman
IDENTIFIKASI POLA DAN EFISIENSI TATA NIAGA ROTAN DI JAWA (Identification
on patterns and efficiency of
rattan-marketing in Java)
Buletin
Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol. 19 No. 4, Tahun 2001
The marketing chain of rattan commodity is closely related to the income
distribution of those who perform efficiently the marketing and mechanism system
of rattan. This study deals with the investigation on the patterns of
rattan-marketing in Java, i.e. (1) Inter-islands merchant --> rattan crafter
--> crafter collector --> domestic consumer; (2) Inter-islands
merchant,,--> rattan crafter --> domestic consumer; (3) Rattan crafter
--> exporter producer -> overseas consumer.
Viewed from the degree of benefit, all the
parties involved in those rattan-marketing's have gained a reasonable benefit
with the revenue and cost ratio (RCR) values ranging between 1,11 and 1, 27.
Evaluated from the benefit distribution, rattan marketing with pattern
(1) was efficient, while those with pattern (2) and (3) were inefficient and the
most efficient, respectively. In the pattern (3), there appeared a positive
trend about the presence of domination by Exporter producer.
This is because that domination has brought about some benefit to those
taking part in the other rattan-marketing activities.
Keywords : Rattan, marketing, efficiency, and benefit
Rantai tata niaga suatu komoditi berkaitan erat
dengan distribusi pendapatan para pelaku tataniaga dan mekanisme bekerjanya
sistem tata niaga rotan yang efisien.
Studi ini meneliti tentang struktur tata niaga
rotan di pulau Jawa. Hasil studi
menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga pola struktur tataniaga rotan di pulau Jawa, yaitu :
(1) Pedagang antar pulau --> Pengrajin rotan --> Pengumpul pengrajin
--> Konsumen dalam negeri. (2) Pedagang antar pulau --> Pengrajin rotan
--> Konsumen dalam negri dan (3) Pengrajin rotan --> Eksportir Produsen
--> Konsumen luar negeri.
Dilihat dari tingkat keuntungan, semua pelaku
tataniaga yang terlibat pada ketiga struktur tersebut telah memperoleh
keuntungan yang layak dengan nilai RCR berkisar antara 1,11 sampai 1,27.
Dilihat dari distribusi keuntungan, struktur tata
niaga pola 1 telah efisien, pola 2 tidak efisien dan pola 3 paling efisien.
Pada pola 3, Produsen eksportir yang bertindak sebagai mitra telah dapat
meningkatkan keuntungan pelaku tataniaga yang lainnya.
Kata kunci : Rotan, tata niaga, efisien, keuntungan
ASPEK HIDROLOGI DARI EUCALYPTUS (Hydrological
Aspect of Eucalyptus)
Buletin Penelitian
dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Vol.2, No. 1, Th. 2001
Tanaman Eucalyptus sudah
dikenal sejak abad 18, dan perkembangan tanaman ini maju pesat pada tahun 1980
setelah Kongres Kehutanan Sedunia Ke VIII di Jakarta tahun 1978.
Tidak lama setelah perkembangan tanaman Eucalyptus
berlangsung, maka pada tahun 1988 timbul kritik dan protes terhadap tanaman Eucalyptus karena adanya indikasi pengaruh negatif terhadap
ringkungan.
Salah satu aspek lingkungan yang dikhawatirkan menjadi buruk adalah aspek
hidrologi karena adanya isu bahwa Eucalyptus
memperburuk keseimbangan hidrologi. Aspek
hidrologi dari Eucalyptus yang akan
dibahas dalarn artikel ini adalah: evapotranspirasi, intersepsi air hujan oleh
tajuk, aliran batang, air lolos dan aliran permukaan.
Rangkuman hasil penelitian mengenai aspek hidrologi dari Eucalyptus
ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan klarifikasi tentang kekhawatiran pengaruh
buruk dari Eucalyptus. Khususnya pada
aspek hidrologi tidak seluruhnya benar. Hal tersebut terlihat dari kehilangan
air hujan oleh intersepsi tajuk relatif kecil, air lolos dan aliran batang
relatif besar sedang erosinya relatif kecil.
Kata kunci : Eucalyptus, evapotranpirasi, sirkulasi air
Eucalyptus has been popular since 18th
century but the development of eucalyptus plantation is quite significant in
1980 after the Eight World Forestry Congress in Jakarta in 1978.
But in 1988 there was criticism and protest against Eucalyptus plantation
due to the indication of its negative effect on environment
A ghost of a change of worsening the environment
is the effect of Eucalyptus plantation on the hydrology balance. The hydrology
aspects of eucalyptus discussed on this article are evapotranspiration, rainfall
interception by eucalyptus crown, stem flow, through fall and surface run off.
The objective of this article is to provide
clarification of the worry about negative effect of eucalyptus.
It is clear that regarding hydrological aspects, not all the worry has
reasonable basis as shown by the facts that water loss due to crown interception
is small, stem flow and through fall are relatively large, and soil erosion is
small.
Keywords : Eucalyptus, evapotranspiration, water cycle
UJI COBA JENIS UNTUK RERABILITASI LAHAN KRITIS
BEKAS LETUSAN GUNUNG BERAPI DI TASIKMALAYA (Species Trial for Rehabilitation
of Volcano Eruption Critical Land at Tasikmalaya West Java)
Buletin Penelitian, P3H&KA, No. 626 Th. 2001
Material of volcanic eruption can shaped, ash,
sand and stone. That material contain various mineral which necessary by plant.
But this various minerals not decomposed yet, so that elements of mineral can
not be used by plant. Generally of
pioneer plant species to take place first and growth on this land. So that
volcanic material eruption land can be decomposed faster and leading on
hidro-orological consequently was carried out experiment (practically trial) on
the field some species plant. This experiment was carried out on volcanic
material eruption land of Galunggung volcano at Tasikmalaya whiche eruption
1982. This land shaped young sand
volcanic carped, labil, light to slide and to be carried away by runoff.
The aim of this experiment is to found data of
grow thing some species paint which suitable for volcanic material eruption land,
so that some species of plant suitable for volcanic material eruption land
rehabilitation.
Based on rainfall
type (Schmidt & Ferguson,
1952), Galunggung area inclusive of A rainfall type with annual rainfall 6309 mm
(Sukajadi, Singaparna).
The pioneer plant species among other thing is :
Caliandra callotyrsus was planted for soil cover, and other species like as
paku-pakuan, liana, dawola, eldelwais, Saccharum spontanium, Eupatorium
palescens and Imperata cylindrica growth nature manner.
Where as the species plant which experimented is : Agathis alba, Pinus
merkusii, Paraserianthes falcataria, Quercus sundaica, Podocarpus sp., Schima
wallichii and Ainus nepalensis.
Based on result of this
experiment during 1994 - I997 can be found conclusion that Alnus nepalensis,
Pinus merkusii, Schima wallichii, Podocarpus, Paraserianthes falcataria show
capable survive and growth on volcanic material eruption land at Galunggung,
Tasikmalaya.
PENGARUH HUTAN TANAMAN INDUSTRI EUCALYPTUS TERHADAP TATA AIR DI JAWA BARAT (The Effect of Eucalyptus Timber Estate on Hydrology at West Java)
Buletin Penelitian Hutan, P3H&KA, No. 628, Tahun 2001
The effect of Eucalyptus timber estate on
hydrology were studied at Cikole, Lembang, North Bandung.
The rainfall types of area is B (Schmidt and Ferguson, 1951) and annual
rainfall of 3008 mm. The average of air temperature of 190C, relative
humidity 82 percent, soil type : Complex Andosol, form tuva volcanic.
The run off were measured with two plots 22 mm x
4 m, steam flow by three plots, through fall by six plots, litter fall six plots
and decomposition of litter fall two plots.
The aims of this study are to find out the
information about rainfall interception by Eucalyptus crown, stem flow, through
fall and netto of precipitation interception Eucalyptus stand. All this
information were included of forest hydrology aspect of Eucalyptus.
The result of this study showed that interception
9 months observation the rainfall : 1393 mm, through fall : 88,26 percent of
rainfall, stem flow 3,73 percent of rainfall, interception : 8,01 percent, run
off : very small (unreadable) and netto of precipitation : 1281,4 mm (91,99
percent of rainfall). Lesser
interception meant higher trough fall and stem flow, this mean higher rain water
reaching the soil
The litter production of
Eucalyptus is greater than Paraserianthes falcataria and Acacia mangium, but
decomposition of litter is slower than of both, wider of spacing, mixed planting
will alleviate the effect of litter accumulation.
PERTUMBUHAN
TANAMAN MAHONI (Swietenia mahagoni), JOHAR (Cassiajavanica) DAN KAYU PUTIH
(Meialeuca cajuputi Powell) PADA LAHAN KRITIS DAERAH KERING DI TUBAN JAWA TIMUR (Growth
of mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni), Johar (Cassia javanica) and Kayu Putih
(Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) on critical land dry area at Tuban East Java)
Buletin
Penelitian Hutan, Puslitbang Hutan & KA, No. 625 Tahun 2001, pp 1
Summary
Since
REPELITA 1 reforestation activity was carried out at critical and forest
degradation rehabilitation to improve hidroorology function. But that activity was not successful yet.
On 1994 -1997 was carried out experiment to find some plant species which
are suitable for critical land on dry climate.
The experiment was conducted at Jerorejo village, Kerek district, Tuban.
Physical
condition of field soil is very shallow about 20 cm - 25 cm, rainfall 1165 mm
(1997) with 7 total of dry month per year, rainfall type is Awa (Koppen 1952).
The aim
of experiment are to find of growing plant data, for to arrange of technical
guidden for reforestation critical land on dry climate.
The
result of experiment is : based on diameter of stand measurement in 3 year
Johar (Cassia javanica), Mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni) and kayu putih (Melaleuca
leucadendrum), is 47.5 mm-57 mm;
52,5 mm-52mm 15 mm-34,5 mm. The high of stand of Johar is 305 cm-425 cm, mahoni
270 cm-310 cm and kayu putih 151 cm-230 cm.
Percentage
of survive, johar 89% - 97%, mahoni 90% - 98% and kayu putih 31% - 50%. Based on
this result can be concluded that Johar and mahoni species is suitable for
critical land on dry climate like Jerorejo village. Where as kayu putih necessary situated in thick soil.
7.
Agus A. Pramono, A. Zaenal Abidin dan Ateng Rachmat
MENINGKATKAN PEROLEHAN TUNAS BERKUALITAS PADA KEBUN
PANGKAS
Tekno Benih Vol. VI No.1 hal 56-62 Th 2001
Untuk menunjang Pengadaan bibit dari stek bagi pembangunan hutan tanaman
perlu dibangun sebuah kebun pangkas. Pembangunan
dan pengelolaan kebun pangkas ditujukan untuk menghasilkan bahan stek yang mudah
diakarkan, yang memiliki kualitas genetis yang tinggi dalam jumlah banyak pada
saat diperlukan, dan menghasilkan bibit yang dapat tumbuh baik di lapang.
Untuk itu diperlukan penguasaan teknik pengelolaan kebun pangkas yang
antara lain adalah teknik penanaman, pemupukan, pemangkasan dan penaungan.
Kata
kunci : kebun pangkas, pembiakan vegetatif, stek
8. Agus
A. Pramono, Danu dan Djoko lriantono
STANDAR POLA
PEWARNAAN TETRAZOLIUM UNTUK UJI CEPAT VIABILIATAS BENIH Pinus merkusii
(Tusam) (Standard Color Pattern of
Tetrazolium Stain as a Rapid Determination of Viability of Pinus merkusii
(Tusam) Seed)
Buletin
Tek. Perbenihan (Seed
Tech. Bull.) Vol. 8, No. 1, 2001 hal 12-23
Summary
The tetrazolium coloring method can be used
as a rapid test for approximating seed viability, with reliable accuracy.
Related as such, this experiment conducted to evaluate the accuracy of
several color patterns resulting from the manipulated letrazolium staining
implemented to determine the viability of Pinus merkusii seeds. The seeds to be
tested were the fresh one obtained from 5 seedlots (i.e. Ponorogo, Pekalongan,
Sumedang, Banjaran, and Cililin), and the ones, which had been stored for 1
year, from 2 seed lots (ie.Banjaran and Cililin).
Manipulated staining using such
tetrazolium resulted in 13 cotor patterns, of which 3 patterns were selected for
developing 3 standard color pattern (i.e. I. II and III). Further
the three patterns were used to approximate the viability (germination capacity)
of Pinus merkusii seeds. For
comparison purpose in assessing the accuracy of such three standard tetrozolium
color pattern ( 1, 11, and Ill), viability determination on the corresponding
seeds using IPB- Germinator. It
turned out that standard tetrozolium pattern II was the most appropriate in
determining seed viability, since it is not significantly different from the one
using IPB-germinator. Further different seed lots brought about different
accuracy in viability determination. This
occurred due to different qualifies of the seed in different seed lots.
In this regard, seeds with low quality brought out the resulting
viability which was a bit higher than the one from the IPB-germinator.
Keywords : seed viability, tetrazolium test, Pinus merkusii
ANALISIS PENERIMAAN SUMBERDAYA HUTAN (Forest Resource Rent Tax Analysis)
Jurnal
Sosial Ekonomi Vol. 2 No. 1 (2001) pp. 1 - 14
Abstract
Concerns about the sustainability of resources and
ecosystems have been expressed for a long time. However the focus of these concerns has gone through several
transformation. Economists have
emphasized the economic benefit of the forest especially of the production
forest through income earned from harvesting the forest.
The Indonesian government collects a stumpage value around 10 percent of
logs price and US$ 16 or around Rp 80.000 per m3 for reforestation fund (DR),
which are around 33 percent of the rent Hence, the exploitation of tropical forest has been characterized by a tremendous transfer of wealth
from the public to the private sector.
It was found that the
under valuation of timber resources
is a major factor that contributing to the present declining of the country's
natural forest. In order to improve
the sustainability of the forest, the rents that go to the private sectors must
be cut by imposing the real stumpage value for each tree harvested from the
forest. After more than 30 years of
experiencing in logging operation, the Government of Indonesia should be capable
of deciding the real stumpage value.
increase in stumpage value should be followed by improving
the management of the forest in order to increase the income which is collected
by the Indonesian government as the owner of the forest
Keywords :
economic rent, stumpage value, public forest, natural forest, wealth, private
sector
PENGELOLAAN HUTAN DALAM RANGKA OTONOMI DAERAH
MENUJU
SELF REGULATING ORGANIZATION
Info
Sosial Ekonomi, Vol. 2, No. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 1-9
Ringkasan
Dengan
keluarnya UU No. 22 tahun 1999 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah dan UU No. 25 tahun
1999 tentang Perimbangan Keuangan antara Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah, serta
telah diikuti dengan keluarnya PP No. 25 tahun 2000, maka pemerintah daerah
terutama pemerintah kabupaten berusaha untuk menarik kewenangan pengurusan
pemerintahan ke daerah teratama yang dapat meningkatkan pendapatan asli daerah
(PAD) dengan cepat, seperti masalah kewenangan pengurusan hutan.
Dilain pihak walaupun UU No. 41 tahun 1999 tentang kehutanan sudah ada
maupun sampai saat ini belum dijabarkan dalam bentuk peraturan pemerintah (PP),
sehingga pemerintah kabupaten tidak mempunyai arahan yang jelas dalam menentukan
pengurusan hutan yang ada di daerahnya. Pengelolaan hutan dapat dilakukan dengan swakelola oleh UPT
Dinas Kabupaten, dan dapat pula diserahkan hak pengelolaannya kepada pihak
ketiga dalam berbagai bentuk pengelolaan.
Dinas
Kehutanan di daerah sebagaimana dinas-dinas yang lain di daerah, apalagi dinas
kehutanan tersebut sudah digabungkan dengan dinas lain, tugasnya relatif hanya
bersifat administratif saja. Oleh
karena itu perlu dibentuk unit pengelolaan hutan (UPH) yang dapat mengelola
hutan secara langsung di lapangan. UPH
tersebut sebaiknya dalam bentuk Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan (KIIH) yang dibagi
menjadi Bagian Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan (BKPH) yang dibagi lagi menjadi Resort
Polisi Hutan (RPH) dan dilakukan pada semua bentuk/fungsi kawasan hutan yang
tidak diserahkan hak pengelolaannya pada pihak ketiga. UPH tersebut membuat segala rencana kegiatan hutan termasuk
tebangan tahunan yang dimasukkan dalam rencana kerja tahunan (RKT). Sesuai
dengan RKT maka UPH dapat mengusulkan pemberian ijin HPHH dari areal tebangan
yang ada pada pihak ketiga untuk dimanfaatkan kayunya baik dengan cora lelang
maupun dengan pembelian langsung sesuai dengan aturan yang berlaku. Dengan cara
ini akan terbentuk berbagai lembaga mandiri (Self Regulating Organization atau
SRO) di daerah dengan berbagai tugas seperti: SRO pelelangan kerja, SRO
penebangan, SRO pembibitan. SRO reboisasi, SRO pemeliharaan hutan dan lain-lain.
Hutan
yang diserahkan hak pengelolaanya pada pihak ketiga, diserahkan seluruh bentuk
pengelolaanya pada pihak ketiga. Pihak
Dinas Kehutanan hanya bersifat mengawasi pelaksanaannya apakah telah sesuai
dengan aturan atas perjanjian yang telah dibuat serta mengevaluasi keadaan hulan
yang dikelola pihak ketiga tersebut.
Pembagian
kewenangan pengurusan hutan perlu segera dibuat agar tidak terjadi tumpang
tindih serta rebutan pengurusan. Dalam
kaitan ini perlu dipikirkan agar kabupaten hanya mengurusi kawasan hutan
produksi dan hutan konversi, dan pemerintah propinsi mengurusi kawasan hutan
lindung, sedangkan pemerintah pusat mengurusi kawasan hutan konservasi. Untuk
itu peraturan dan UU yang bertentangan perlu direvisi paling tidak dalam
penjabaran UU No. 41 kedalam PP perlu dipertegas.
Kata kunci : otonomi daerah, desentralisasi, pengurusan, pengelolaan, fungsi hutan
11.
Asep
Rohandi & Dede J. Sudrajat
Buletin
Tek Perbenihan (Seed Tech- Bul.) VoI. 8, NO 1, 2001 hal. 24-40
Summary
The
purpose of this trial is to asses the uses of different fertilizers in
stimulating the development of outgrowth-budding of bonggol bamboo. In this
regard, the latosol medium was used for cultivating such bamboo’s
outgrowth-budding. Five different fertilizers in term of various mixing
ingredients as well as of their specific dosages were each added (mixed) to the
latosol medium. In addition, the cultivation of such outgrowth-budding was
performed on the latosol medium without addition of any fertilizers (for control
purposes). The implementation
of the of cultivation with different fertilizers as well as with control was each
replicated mine times. Eight months afterwards, observations was conducted on
characteristics of the cultivated outgrowth-budding covering, i.e. length of the
resulting leaves, number of leaves, growth of the developed branches, number of
branches, growth of off-shoot, survival
of the outgrowth-budding, and nutrient content in each of the six implemented
media (i.e. five different fertilizers and control).
Completely randomized design was arranged in the field to assist
analyzing the observed characteristics.
The
results revealed that the implementation of five different fertilizers, in
comparison to the control, affected significantly the average length, number of
leaves and length of branches. However the corresponding implementation, including the control did not effect the number of branches. More specifically,
the particular fertilizer with ingredient of Hyponex 20-20-20 at 50 gram dosage
as well as the one with Hyponex
20-20-20 at 25 gram, dosage plus 900 gram of manure turned out to be the most
effective for the development of bamboo’s outgrowth-budding. Yet none of the
five implemented fertilizers was successful to increase the growth increment of
the bamboo shoot.
Keywords : Dendrocalamus asper,
outgrowth budding,
fertilizing,
culllet
Kata Kunci
: Denrocalamus asper, anakan bongol, pemupukan, rebung
STUDI ATRAKSI BERUK (M.nemestrina) UNTUK KEGIATAN EKOWISATA DI SIBAGANDING, SUMATERA UTARA (Study
On lhe Attraction of Macaca nernestrina for Ecotourisme Sibaganding, North
Sumatera)
Buletin BPK P Siantar Vol.17 No.1 Th 2001 hal. 9-22
Summary
Macaca nemestrina, one of primate species living in
Sibagandin Primate Protection Area, has been used as an ecotourism object for
visitors who plan a recreation and travel to Parapat, North Sumatera. The
visitors coming watch M nemestrina attraction and able to interact with them.
It is important to manage the monkey group for ecotourism and population
protection. This research carried
out to find data and information about Population and the daily activities of
group M. nemestrina in Sibaganding which supporting for ecoturism object. Data
was colleted by concentration count method and behavioral data method by scan
technique and description analysis. The
number of Individual of M.nemestrina group at attraction area in Sibaganding are
fifty. The attractions of M. nemestrina influence to it’s daily activity. The
daily activities start at 06.00 a.m up to at 18.00 p.m. Most of their daily
activities are resting (43.90%), feed ling (24.60%), social activity (18.30%) and
moving (13.18%) for twelve hours at attraction area. The important activities of
M. nemestrina group for ecotourism are feeding, social behavior and coming at
attraction are in Sibaganding. The visitors who coming earlier watch the feed
ling group attraction at 08.00 – 11.00 am or 14.00 – 16.00 pm when they
are hugry condition. While interaction, the visitors should not touch them. The
coming visitors in Sibaganding have became this animal depend on the food
supplied by visitors.
Keywords : M. nemestrina, daily activity, visitor, population
KAJIAN KELOMPOK SOSIAL DAN INTERAKSINVA PADA HUTAN
PRODUKSI DI KECAMATAN TANAH JAWA SIMALUNGUN, SUMATERA UTARA
(Study on Social
Groups and Its Interaction to Forest Product on Tanah Jawa Sub District,
Simalungun District, North Sumatera Province)
Buletin BPK P Siantar Vol.17 No.1 Th 2001 hal. 33-46
Summary
The study was carried out to analyze how social groups that are living
around forest production interact with their forest resources.
Data were collected by direct observation and interview in Bosar Nauli
village, Tanah Jawa sub district, Simalungun district.
North Sumatera Province from December 1999 to February 2000, and analyzed
with description method. The result of study showed that the social groups in
that village are consisting of government, officer religion agents, teachers,
elders, entrepreneurs, farmers, laborers, female, and descent groups. From those social groups only the labors are most depending
for living on forest resource through illegal logging activities, in the
hierarchy of social economic system the labors are part of group that has the
lowest level in Bosar Nauli village community. They are commonly young, not
married, jobless, and have no land cultivated.
There are other four groups who related to activities of the illegal
logging in research location i.e. the capital owners, the agent who connect
between the capital owner and, the fellers who fell trees, the loggers who bring
log/timber from tree site to truck and the truck drivers with their servant.
Most of the logger and some of the fellers come from that village but the
capital owner, the agent, the drivers with their servant and some of the feller
come from out of that village.
Keywords : social group, forest products, the
illegal logging
AKTIVITAS
HARIAN MONYET EKOR PANJANG (Macacafascicularis)
DI SIBAGANDING, SIMALUNGUN, SUMATERA UTARA
KONIFERA No.1 hal 27-42 th 2001
Hasil pengamatan mendapatkan bahwa monyet ekor panjang (M.fascicularis
Raffles, 182 1) mulai beraktivitas pada 06.00 dan berakhir serta kembali
pada pohon tempat tidur pada pukul 18.00 WIB.
Selama dua belas jam periode aktif itu, aktivitas harian Mfascicularis
didominasi oleh aktivitas makan (36.11%) dan istirahat (35.03%). Sedangkan
aktivitas bergerak berlangsung sebesar 21.53 % dan aktivitas lainnya
(berkutu-kutu, bermain, dll) tercatat sebesar 8.33%. Sumber pakan utarna satwa
tersebut adalah daun muda,buah buahan dan insekta Jenis tumbuhan yang penting
untuk mensuplay kebutuhan makanan M fasicicularis di Sibaganding adalah jenis
Ficus spp dan Piper aduncum. Kedua jenis tumbuhan tersebut menghasilkan daun dan
buah buat keperluan monyet ekorpanjang.Jenis pohon ternpat tidura dalah Ficus,
Pinus dan Piper aduncum. M
fascicularis bangun dari tidur pada pukul 06.00 WIB dan tetap berada sekitar
pohon tempat tidur selaina 15-30 menit. Aktivitas
bangun tidur ditandai dengan adanya suara tertentu dari pemimpin kelompok, yang
nadanya mirip dengan suara ketika mendapatkan ancaman.
Aktivitas setelah bangun tidur tampak tidak terlalu bervariasi,
kebanyakan duduk (diam) dan sesekali bergerak sekitar pohon tempat tidur.
Pergerakan berpindah (moving) menuju lokasi sumber pakan merupakan aktivitas awal yang
dilakukan setelah bangun tidur. Selama
perpindahan tersebut pemimpin kelompok biasanya berjalan di tengah bersama
dengan yang betina dan anak-anak, sedangkan jantan muda atau remaja berada di
samping luar kelompok. Hal ini
diduga agar pemimpin kelompok dapat lebih memperhatikan semua anggotanya.
Aktivitas selanjutnya adalah makan, istirahat dan aktivitas lain yang berlangsung
secara bergantian hingga akhirnya menginap kembali di suatu lokasi tempat tidur.
Setelah sampai di lokasi tempat tidur (pukul 18.00 WIB), M.
fascicularis
menghentikan aktivitasnya dan langsung tidur sampai bangun kembali besoknya
pada O6.OOWIB.
15.
Bambang
Wiyono dan Toga Silitonga, 2001
PENGARUH JENIS PELARUT DAN KUALITAS DAMAR TERHADAP
RENDEMEN DAN SIFAT FISIKO-KIMIA DAMAR YANG DIMURNIKAN (Effect of solvent
kinds and damniar qualities on yield and physico-chemical properties of purifted
dammar)
Buletin
Penelitian Hasil Hutan, Vol. 19 No.2 Tahun 2001, pp 103-115
Summary
The
objective of this research is to look at the effect of solvent kinds and dammar
quality on purified dammar yield and its physico-chemical properties, while the
research target is to search for a suitable solvent to purify dammar which still
consider its quality.
Several
qualities of dammar were purified with two kinds of organic solvents and the
purified products were then analyzed of their physico-chemical properties. The effect of solvent kind sand dammar qualities were
analyzed with factorial pattern of completely randomized design.
The solvent kinds consisted of benzene, toluene and without purification,
while the dammar qualities consisted of A, B, C, D and E
The different between means were analyzed with Duncan's procedure in SAS
computer package.
Results
indicated that solvent kinds and dammar quality gave a highly significant effect
on cad number, iod number, ash content and insolubility matter in toluene, and
gave a significant effect on saponification number.
Purifying dammar with benzene produced better physico-chemical properties
than with toluene solvent. Based on
the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) requirement of insolubility matter in
alcohol, purifying dammars with organic solvent was able to increase its
quality. Dammar with E quality
could be improved to achieve D quality, while dammar with C and B qualities were
improved to A quality. Purifying
dammar with organic solvent could increase its quality and the dammar could be
formed as needed to simplify the complicated procedure in exporting.
Keywords
: dammar quality, organic solvent, purifying
Ringkasan
Penelitian
ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis pelarut dan kualitas damar
terhadap rendemen dan sifat fisiko-kimia damar yang dimurnikan, sedangkan
sasarannya adalah untuk mencari pelarut organik yang dapat digunakan untuk
memurnikan damar mata kucing dengan tetap memperhatikan kualitas damar yang
dihasilkan.
Berbagai
kualitas damar mata kucing dimurnikan dengan menggunakan pelarut organik,
kemudian dianalisis sifat fisiko-kimianya. Pengaruh jenis pelarut dan kualitas
damar terhadap rendemen dan sifat fisiko-kimia yang dimurnikan dianalisis dengan
rancangan faxorial A X B dengan 2 kali ulangan. Faktor perlakuan A merupakan
jenis pelarut yang terdiri dari benzena, toluena dan tanpa perlakuan, sedangkan
faktor B adalah kualitas damar mata kucing yang terdiri dari kualitas A, B, C, D
dan kualitas E. Perbedaan nilai rataan antar perlakuan dianalisis dengan metode
Duncan.
Hasil
penelitian menunjukan bahwa jenis pelarut organik dan kualitas damar mata kucing
berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap bilangan asam, bilangan iod, kadar abu dan
kadar bahan tak larut dalam toluena, dan berpengaruh nyata terhadap bilangan
penyabunan damar yang telah dimurnikan. Pemurnian damar mata kucing dengan
menggunakan pelarut benzena menghasilkan sifat fisiko-kimia yang lebih baik
dibandingkan dengan pelarut toluena. Berdasarkan persyaratan bilangan asam dan
kadar bahan tak larut dalam toluena menurut SNI, pemurnian damar dengan pelarut
organik menaikkan kualitasnya. Kualitas damar mata kucing dari kualitas E
menjadi damar kualitas D, sedangkan damar kualitas C dan B meningkat kualitasnya
menjadi damar kualitas A. Pemurnian
damar dengan pelarut organik dapat meningkatkan kualitasnya dan damar dapat
dibentuk sesuai dengan kebutuhan yang memudahkan dalam pengiriman ke luar
negeri.
Kata kunci : damar mata kucing, pelarut organik, pemurnian
16.
Bambang
Wiyono, Kurnia Sofyan, Dedeh Kurniasih, Poedji Hastoeti, 2001
PENGARUH
LAMA PENYULINGAN SECARA KERING PADA KONDISI VAKUM TERHADAP RENDEMEN DAN SIFAT
FISIKO-KIMIA RESIDU DAMAR MATA
KUCING (The Effect of a vacuum dry distillation time on yield and tire
physico-chemical properties of the dammar residue)
Buletin
Penelitian Hasil Hutan, Vol. 19 No.2 Tahun 2001, pp 89-101
Summary
Dammar
resin of shorca javanica which its essential oil has been isolated can still be
used for industrial purposes. Relating
to this, the objective of the research is to investigate the effect of a vacuum
dry distillation time on yield and the physico-chemical properties of damar
residue.
A
vacuum
dry distillation technique of dammar was carried out at a press we of 0.06 Pa, a
temperature of 65-85 0C for 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 hours, respectively.
Each of distilling times was triplicated To see the effect of distilling
time on the yield and properties of dammar residue, the data were analyzed by a
factorial completely randomized design procedure, and their different means
values were tested with Tukey's procedure.
The Relationship between time and the yield or its physico-chemical
properties of dammar residue was analyzed with a Polynomial orthogonal
regression in a SAS package.
The
results showed that distilling time gave a highly significant effect on yield,
softening point, ash content, iod number, acid number and saponification number
of dammar residue, except for unsoluble matter in toluene.
The increase in distilling time tent to decrease in the yield and acid
number of dammar residue, but it also tent to increase in softening point, ash
content, iod number, saponification number and unsoluble matter in toluene.
Moreover, distilling time of 2.5 hours is the optimum time to gave the
highest values of softening and iod number, but with the lowest value of acid
number Polynomial orthogonal analysis revealed that there were Relationship
between distilling time and yield of dammar residue and its properties with a
highly significance.
Compared
to Indonesian National Standard for dammar, dammar residue has not met the
requirement for softening point, acid number and ash content criteria. To meet
the requirement, it was suggested to increase the pressure in the vacuum dry
distillation process with a proper condensation for this pressure.
Keywords : dammar residue, vacuum dry
distillation, physico-chemical properties
Ringkasan
Damar
mata kucing yang minyak astirinya sudah disuling masih dapat digunakan untuk
tujuan industri. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
mengetahui pengaruh lama penyulingan secara kering pada kondisi vakum terhadap
rendemen dan sifat fisiko-kimia residu damar mata kucing.
Penyulingan
damar dilakukan secara kering dalam kondisi vakum pada tekanan 0,06 Pa dan suhu
65-850C dengan lama penyulingan yang terdiri dari 0,5,, 1; 1,5,, 2; dan 2,5 jam
di mana setiap perlakuan diulang 3 kali. Pengaruh
peningkatan lama penyulingan terhadap kualitas residu damar dianalisis dengan
rancangan acak lengkap. Perbedaan
nilai rataan antar perlakuan dianalisis dengan metode Tukey, sedangkan
kecenderungan perubahan sifat fisiko-kimia residu damar sejalan dengan
meningkatnya lama penyulingan dianalisis dengan polinomal ortogonal menurut
prosedur SAS.
Lama
penyulingan bepengaruh sangat nyata terhadap rendemen, bilangan asam, titik
lunak kadar abu, bilangan penyabunan dan bilangan iod residu damar mata kucing
kecuali kadar bahan tak larut dalam toluena.
Peningkatan lama penyulingan menurunkan rendemen dan bilangan asam
residu, namun meningkatkan sifat titik lunak, kadar abu, bilangan penyabunan,
bilangan iod dan kadar bahan tak larut dalam toluena. Penyulingan damar mata
kucing 2,5 jam merupakan lama penyulingan yang optimum karena menghasilkan titik
lunak residu yang tinggi dan bilangan iod yang linggi, yang disertai bilangan
asam yang rendah. Lama penyulingan
mempunyai hubungan secara nyata dengan rendemen dan sifat fisiko kimia residu
damar mata kucing, kecuali bahan yang tak larut dalam toluena.
Dibandingkan
dengan standar SNI untuk damar mata kucing, residu damar mata kucing yang telah
dipisahkan minyak atsirinya belum memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan baik
sifat titik lunak, bilangan asam maupun kadar abuya.
Agar sifat residu damar ini dapat masuk dalam, persyaratan kualitas yang
ditetapkan, maka dalam, proses penyulingan minyak damar mata kucing secara vakum
perlu dicoba dengan menggunakan tekanan yang lebih besar yang disertai
kondensasi yang tepat untuk tekanan tersebut.
Kata kunci : damar
mata kucing, penyulingan kering secara vakum residu penyulingan, rendemen sifat
fisiko-kimia
17.
Bambang Wiyono, Neni Sumarliani, Umi Kulsum, dan Evi
Kusmiyati
Buletin
Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol. 19 No. 3, Tahun 2001
Summary
The draft of
Indonesia National Standard for garro wood quality
has a limitation where parameters used to determine the quality are still
qualitative. This has caused a difficulty in assessing the quality of garro wood
with different assessor. One effort
to reduce this weakness is to quantify some parameters in this draft.
In accordance with this, the objective of this research is to improve the
draft of Indonesian National Standard for garro wood quality, so the assessment
could be carried out quantitatively. The results indicated that fragrant dammar
content could be quantified with resin content; weight could be quantified with
specific gravity and color could be measured with chromameter.
Further analysis on the parameters showed that there were positive
correlation between the quality and these examined parameters, where the
increase in the garro wood quality correlated, with the increase in the resin
content, specific gravity and color value. This proposed draft which seems to
have improvement in assessing the quality of garro wood objectively can
therefore be suggested for its implementation in reducing human subjectivity.
Keywords
: parameter quantification, color, specific
gravity, resin content, garro wood
Konsep SNI kualitas gaharu memiliki kelemahan di mana parameter yang
digunakan untuk menentukan kualitas bersifat kualitatif sehingga menyulitkan
orang yang menentukannya. Salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi kelemahan tersebut
adalah dengan membuat parameter penentu kualitas gaharu secara kuantitatif.
Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk memperbaiki konsep
SNI mengenai gaharu sehingga penilaian dapat dilakukan secara kuantitatif
Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa kandungan damar wangi dapat dinilai dengan kandungan
resin, bobot dinilai dengan berat jenis, dan warna dinilai dengan alat
kromameter. Hasil analisis parameter tersebut menunjukkan adanya korelasi
positif antara peningkatan kualitas gaharu dengan peningkatan kandungan resin,
berat jenis dan warna dari contoh yang diuji. Perbaikan konsep standar kualitas gubal gaharu yang disarankan dipaparkan
dalam tulisan ini.
Kata
kunci : kualitas gaharu, warna, berat
jenis, kadar resin
Buletin Teknologi Pengelolaan DAS hal 14-22 th 2001
Summary
The objective of the this research was to observe the contribution of Pilot
Project of Natural Resources Conservations ( UP-UPSA), village nusserry, and
community forest in raising farmer income.
The research was carried out in Lombok Barat Regency, NTB from September
until Desember 2000
The
result showed that the afforestation activities can increase work field
for surrounding people in five years up to 550 lab our per hectare per year.
The value of NPV with rate of interest of 12 %, was Rp 4.179,400,- up to Rp.
10.555.500,-. The value of IRR from each activities was 13.65% - 19.20%.
The income derived from
afforestation is approximaly
30%-40% of total farmer income per house hold per year from the proceeding data,
it can be concluded that all of afforestastion activities are potential to be
develop.
PRODUKSI DAN PERKECAMBAHAN BENIH KESAMBI (Schleichera
olcosa Merr.)
Tekno Benih Vol. VI No.1 hal 23-26 Th 2001
Kesambi (Schleichera oleosa Merr.)
dikenal pula dengan Schleichera trijuga Willd
termasuk family Sapindaceae. Tumbuh
alami di lembah Himalaya, Sri Langka, dan Indonesia.
Di Indonesia tumbuh baik di Jawa, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Maluku,
Pulau Seram dan Pulau Kai (Prosea, 1997). Di
Jawa Timur dapat ditemukan di Panarukan, Probolinggo, Pasuruan dan Besuki
(Prosea, 1995). Tumbuh baik pada
ketinggian 600 1000 rn dpl dan daerah tanaman jati yang tumbuh liar (Heyne,
1987). Jenis ini sering digunakan
sebagai tanarnan pengisi pada tanaman jati, karena jenis ini memiliki perakaran
yang dalam dan selalu tumbuh hijau sehingga tidak mengganggu pertumbuhan tanaman
pokok sekaligus berfungsi sebagai sekat bakar.
Kayu kesambi termasuk kuat, keras, ulet, kenyal, berserat halus dan berat
(Burkill, 1935; Heyne, 1987), sehingga sering dipergunakan sebagai bahan baku
jangkar perahu, alat penumbuk padi, silinder pada alat penggilingan karena tahan
terhadap daya gesek, serta penghasil arang yang baik.
Kulit batangnya juga digunakan sebagai bahan penyamak, pembersih dan obat
penyakit kulit, terutama di Bali, Madura dan Cina.
Biji
kesambi dapat menghasilkan minyak atsiri yang dikenal dengan nama minyak
makasar. Minyak ini dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan minyak
pelumas, sabun lunak, lilin, industri batik, penyumbat perahu, bahan salep, dan
dupa. Daun yang muda dapat
dimanfaatkan sebagai sayuran. Selain
itu kesambi merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman penghasil lak (lakhars) yang baik (Heyne, 1987).
Kata kunci
: Schleichera
oleosa Merr., produksi bernih, perkecambahan
Keywords
: Schleichera
oleosa Merr., seed production, germination
EVALUASI PERTUMBURAN TANAMAN MERANTI BATU (Shoreapiatyclados
V.SI.) UMUR 50 TAHUN DI CAGAR ALAM MARTELU PURBA, SUMATERA UTARA
KONIFERA No.1 hal 19-26 th 2001
Persepsi para
pengelola Hutan Tanaman khususnya untuk kayu perkakas yang berdaur panjang masih
kurang baik, sehingga sampai saat ini belum banyak yang tertarik untuk
mengembangkan. Tujuan penelitian
ini adalah mengevaluasi pertumbuhan dan potensi tegakan meranti batu pada umur
50 tahun guna memberikan gambaran bagi pengguna untuk mengembangkan di daerah
lain. Penelitian dilakukan pada
hutan tanaman meranti batu (Shorea platyclados V.SI.) tahun tanam 1949 di
kawasan Cagar Alam Martelu Purba dengan jarak tanam awal 10 m x 2,5 m. Paremeter
yang ditelaah adalah diameter pohon setinggi dada, tinggi bebas cabang, tinggi
total, volume tegakan dan rata-rata tahunan (MAI).
Untuk mengumpulkan data tersebut dibuat petak pengamatan berukuran 50 m x
20 m sebanyak 9 plot. Selanjutnya ditentukan nilai rata-rata, standar deviasi,
minimum dan maksimum menurut Steel don Torri (1 993).
Rata-rata diameter pohon 52,90 cm, tinggi bebas cabang 16,03m, linggi
total 25,55 m dan volume tegakan 632,29 m3/ha dengan kerapatan
tegakan 274,44pohon/ha. MAI
diameter pohon pada umur 50 tahun 1,06 cm/th dan MAI volume tegakan 12,65 m3/ha/tahun
Kondisi dan sifat tanah di kawasan tersebut mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman
meranti batu tetapi yang masih kurang adalah unsur Ca dan Mg.
Meranti batu dapat dikembangkan di daerah lain khususnya di kawasan Hutan
Produksi. Diharapkan para pengelola
Hutan Tanaman dapat mengembangkannya dengan memperhatikan aspek tahapan-tahapan
pemeliharaan yang tepat.
Kata kunci : kayu perkakas, hutan tanaman, meranti batu, MAI
21.
Dede
J. Sudraiat, Buharman dan Asep Rohandi
PENGADAAN BIBIT BAMBU BETUNG
(Dendrocalamus asper) MELALUI
STEK CABANG DAN SPLIT BONGGOL
Tekno Benih Vol. VI No.1 hal
27-34 Th 2001
Exploitation of Dendrocalamus asper was not balanced with the cultivation
system. Availability of material that source from Dendrocalamus asper for
construction, furniture and industry, the longer the time the less the amount
However, to guarantee on availability of bamboo materials, necessary supported
by improving of harvesting system, intensively of silviculture system and
adequate supplying of seedlings.
Propagation of Dendrocalamus asper with branch cutting and split of
outgrowth budding can be alternative on availability of Dendrocalamus asper
seedlings in more amount and simple application.
Keywords
: Dendrocalamus asper, vegetative propagation, branch cutting, split of out growth
budding
Kata kunci :
Dendrocalamus asper, perbanyakan vegetatif, stek cabang, split bonggol
PENINGKATAN
PRODUKSI BENIH MELALUI PERCEPATAN DAN PENINGKATAN PEMBUNGAAN JENIS POHON HUTAN (Increasing Seed production Through Floral Induction and Enhancementof Forest
Tree Species)
Tekno Benih Vol.VI No.1 hal
42-50 Th 2001
Due to the limitation of seed production for some
forest trees, attention should be paid to the attempt of increasing the
production of seeds production is the failure of trees to initiate flowering.
Thus, studying the flowering which emphasizes on the initiation of
flowering should be well understood. As well as, the development methods of
floral induction and enhancement.
The case study of Shorea stenophera showed that
the compound imflorescence was a modification of the reiterative developmental
pattern observed in vegetative shoot. The time of floral initiation began in
June and continued until about November. Floral enhancement using paclobutrazol
as a soil drench was attempted in mind July, but this was later found to be
after the unsent of floral initiation and the treatment failed to enhance
flowering, but it appeared to enhance the rate of floral and fruit development.
Keywords :
seed
production, floral initiation, induction, enhancement, Shorea stenopters
Kata
kunci : produksi benih, inisiasi pembungaan, induksi, peningkatan, Shorea
stenoptera
23.
Dida
Syamsuwida, Naning Yuniarti dan Kumiawati P.
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN PUPUK MEDIA SEMAI DAN INOKULASI
RHIZOBIUM PADA SEMAI KIHIANG (Albiziaprocera) dan JOHAR (Cassia
siamena) (The effect of fertilizers, cultivating media and
rhizobium inoculation on the growth of kihiang (Albizia procera) and Johar
(Cassia siamea) seedlings)
Buletin Tek. Perbenihan (Seed Tech Bull.) Vol. 8, No. 1, 2001 hal. 133-146
The the study was aimed at
assessing the effect of
implementing different fertilizers, cultivating media and rhizobium inoculation
on the viability and other growth characteristics of 3 - months old kihiang
(Albizia procera) and johar (Cassia siamea) seedlings.
For cultivating the kihiang seedlings. two kinds of media used were i.e.
mixture of sand : soil in 1:1 proportion (by weight) and pulverized coco-peat.
Meanwhile, the fertilizers consisted of N P K chemicals and manure.
Further, the rhizabium was used inoculum.
The cultivation of these seedlings were also conducted on such media
without fertilizers as well as without rhizobium inoculum.
For the johar seedlings, their cultivation was performed without the
inoculums, but with the media and fertilizers, both corresponding to those for the
kihiang seedlings. Three months
afterwards, observation was performed on the viability and other growth
characteristics of the two kinds of cultivated seedlings (kihiang and johar),
which covered the percent survival of the seedlings, height growth length of root and number of nitrogen- fixing nodules.
A completely randomized design with factorial pattern was arranged in the
field for both seedlings. For the
kihiang seedlings, the factors were media, fertilizers and rhizobium inoculum.
Each of treatments combination of media-fertilizers-inoculums factors was
replicated three times. Meanwhile,
for johar seedlings, the factors were only media and fertilizers. Similar to the
kihiang seedlings, treatment combinations of media-fertilizer factors were each
replicated three times. Results
revealed that. for the 3-months old kihiang seedlings, the use of organic
fertilizer (manure) as well as NPK chemicals should be combined with the
sand-soil media, but with no inoculums, to increase optimally the seedling
survival, height growth, root length and number of nodules.
The application of rhizobium inoculum did not affect the growth
characteristics of such seedlings, as otherwise expected.
For the 3-months johar seedlings, the use of soil-sand media in
combination with organic fertilizer proved the most effective to increase the
seedling survival and height growth.
Keywords : Albizia procera, Cassia siamea,
seedling,
fertilizers, medium, rhizobium
Kata kunci : Albizia procera, Cassia siamea, semai,
pemupukan, media, rhizobium
ASPEK SOSIAL YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI DTA
DANAU TOBA (Studi Kasus di DAS Naborsahon)
KONIFERA No.1 hal 43-52 th 2001
Ketergantungan petani di desa penelitian terhadap lahan
yang dimilikinya cukup tinggi, terbukti lahan-lahan tersebut dimanfaatkan secara
intensif dengan tanaman jenis cash crop, walaupun hal ini tidak sesuai dengan
kemampuan lahamya. Banyak alasan
yang mendorong petani melakukan budidaya tersebut yang paling utama adalah
karena faktor sosial diantaranya yaitu: lahanan yang dimiliki oleh petani sangat
sempit serta tidak adanya lapangan pekerjaan lain yang sesuai dengan pendidikan.
Alternatip pilihan yang umunnya
dilakukan guna memperluas lahan pertaniannya ialah dengan cara membuka
lahan-lahan baru walaupun kondisi topografinya terjal.
Faktor sosial lainnya yang mempengaruhi penggunaan lahan di sekitar danau
Toba adalah kebiasaaan membakar lahan untuk mendapatkan pakan temak.
Tanpa disadari oleh para pemakai lahan kegiatan-kegiatan tersebut dapat
mengakibatkan sumberdaya perairan yang rusak serta keadaan lingkungan yang
tercemar, dan ini dapat berdampak hilangnya fungsi dari danau Toba, seperti
diketahui bahwa fungsi danau Toba sangat komplek mulai dari sumber kehidupan
sampai peredam banjir dan reservoir pengendali.
Selain itu banyak juga peristivva alam
yang mendukung proses penurunan nilai/fungsi danau antara lain terciptanya
bahan bakar berupa serasah kering dalam jumlah cukup banyak pada musim kemarau
yang memicu terjadinya kebakaran hutan.
Kata
kunci : cash crop, lahan pertanian yang sempit,
fungsi danau Toba.
PEMBOROSAN KAYU DALAM PEMANENAN HUTAN ALAM DI LUAR PULAU
JAWA DAN UPAYA MENGATASINYA (Wood Wasting
in Natural Forest Harvesting in The Outer Java Island and Its Possible
Solutions)
Buletin
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Vol.2,
No. 1, Th. 2001
Praktek pemanenan hutan alam di luar Pulau Jawa dengan sistem HPH yang
menerapkan pemanenan secara mekanis ternyata meninggalkan limbah kayu yang
sangat besar. Dengan perhitungan paling konservatif saja pada tingkat produksi
tahun 1980-an diperoleh limbah sebesar harnpir 7,5 juta m3/tahun
dengan nilai sebesar hampir Rp 1,2 triliun/tahun. Konversi limbah tersebut ke
luas areal hutan untuk menghasilkan volume kayu sebesar itu adalah lebih dari
124.000 ha/tahun. Limbah sebesar itu merupakan akumulasi dari berbagai limbah
yang terjadi pada setiap tahap operasi pemanenan hutan seperti pembukaan wilayah
hutan, penebangan, penyaradan, pemotongan, pengangkutan serta akibat kesulitan
medan, kelemahan peralatan dan tenaga kerja.
Banyak faktor yang menyebabkan limbah pemanenan hutan tersebut begitu besar.
Yang paling nyata terlihat di lapangan antara lain peraturan dan penerapannya
yang lemah, mutu sumberdaya manusia perencana, pelaksana dan pengawas pemanenan
hutan masih kurang memadai, pengembangan teknologi pemanenan yang lebih efisien
tidak ada dan industri pengolahan kayu yang dikembangkan terbatas pada industri
yang berbahan baku kayu besar dan lurus saja seperti industri kayu lapis dan
penggergajian.
Dengan melihat penyebab besamya limbah tersebut maka upaya yang diperlukan
antara lain adalah peningkatan mutu peraturan dan pelaksanaannya, peningkatan
mutu sumberdaya manusia perencana, pelaksana dan pengawas pemanenan hutan,
pemacuan pengembangan teknologi pemanenan hutan dan diversifikasi industri
pengolahan kayu sampai ke industri yang berbahan baku kayu berdiameter sedang
dan kecil dan/atau sortimen kayu yang pendek-pendek.
Kata
kunci : pemanenan, hutan alam, limbah kayu,
penyebab limbah, mengurangi limbah
Summary
Logging practice in natural forest in the outer
Java island by forest concessionaire holders using mechanical system causes a
large amount of log waste. Even
with conservative calculation using production level of 1980's, total log waste
was 7.5 million m3lyear with the value of almost Rp 1.2
trillion/year. To produce log to that waste amount, it is required to
harvest more than 124,000 ha/year. That amount of waste was an accumulation of
wastes occurred in each harvesting operation step such as forest roading,
felling, skidding, bucking and transporting, as well as other wastes happened
due to field difficulty, and equipment and worker problems. There are many causes
of log waste in limber harvesting. Main causes noticed in the field are the
weakness in regulations and their enforcement, the capability of planner,
executor and supervisor of timber harvesting, lack of effort in timber
harvesting technology development, and the preference to wood processing
industry that required large diameter and straight logs for their raw materials.
Related to many causes mentioned above, there are
also many ways available to solve the problem of that large amount of waste such
as to improve various regulations and their enforcement, improve manpower
capability, develop more suitable harvesting technology, and diversify wood
processing industries in order to efficiently used small diameter and/or short
wood sizes.
Keywords
: Harvesting, natural forest, wood waste, causes of waste,
reducing waste
BEBAN PROGRAM TAMBAHAN DAN KOMPOSISI BIAYA PENGELOLAAN
HUTAN ALAM DENGAN SISTEM TEBANG PILIH TANAM INDONESIA (Additional programs and cost composition
in managing natural forest using
Indonesian selective cutting and planting system)
Buletin
Penelitian
dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Vol.2, No. 2, Th. 2001
Ringkasan
Pengelolaan hutan produksi alam dengan sistem Tebang Pilih Tanam Indonesia
(TPTI) yang dilaksanakan para pelaksana Hak Pengusahaan Hutan (HPH) kurang
berhasil menciptakan hutan yang lestari. Penyebab
hal tersebut menyangkut banyak faktor yang berhubungan secara kompleks dan belum
banyak diteliti sehingga belum dapat diungkapkan secara komprehensif.
Dalam tulisan ini dikemukakan berbagai prograrn tambahan dan komponen biaya
pelaksanaan HPH dalam mengelola hutan dengan sistem TPTI dengan mengambil kasus
satu HPH berukuran sedang dan sudah lama beroperasi di Kalimantan Tengah.
Informasi yang dikumpulkan menunjukkan bahwa HPH pelaksana TPTI telah
dibebani dengan 12 program tambahan yang masing-masing memerlukan tenaga, sarana
dan biaya yang cukup besar. Hal ini sudah barang tentu mengurangi kemampuan
pelaksana HPH untuk menerapkan sistem TPTI dengan baik. Di samping itu, dalam
komposisi biaya pelaksanaan HPH juga terlihat bahwa fokus kegiatan bukanlah
pembangunan hutan tetapi pemanenan hasil hutan.
Hal ini terlihat dari alokasi biaya untuk pembangunan hutan serta
pendidikan dan latihan tenaga kerja dan penelitian dan pengembangan mendapat
porsi yang kecil.
Peninjauan terhadap program-program tambahan dari pemerintah dan komposisi
anggaran perusahaan perlu dilakukan untuk mendorong penguatan dan percepatan
kegiatan pembangunan hutan menuju hutan yang lestari.
Kata
kunci : pelaksanaan TPTI, program tambaban TPTI, komposisi biaya HPH, biaya pemungutan
hasil hutan
Summary
The application of TPTI system in managing
natural production forest by forest concession holders still can not reach the
expected sustained forests. The
reason for that is the involvement of many factors with complex relationship
and, therefore, still cannot be explained comprehensively.
This article is dealing : with various additional
programs enforced by the government and the cost components of forest concession
in managing forest with TPTI system, using information collected from one medium
size and has quite long experienced forest concession in Kalimantan Tengah.
Gathered information showed that TPTI system has
been overburdened by twelve additional programs that required, quite large
amount of human resources, equipment and cost.
This, in turn, reduced the capability of the company in
realizing good TPTI practices. Besides, it is noticed that in
the cost composition, the
real focus of concession holders is not on forest development yet, but
timber harvesting. Costs allocated to forest development and training and
research were small.
Evaluation of various additional programs and
cost composition in forest concession budget is strongly needed in order to
increase their capability for forest development leading to sustained forests.
Keywords : TPTI realization, additional program to TPTI, cost composition, forest harvesting cost
27.
Djiman Sitepu dan Paribotro Sutigno
PERANAN TANAMAN OBAT
DALAM PENGEMBANGAN HUTAN TANAMAN (The
Roles of medicinal Plants on Plantation Forest Development)
Buletin Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2001
Perkembangan lptek (Ilmu
pengetahuan dan teknologi) di bidang budidaya tanaman obat dan pembangunan
hutan tanaman telah sedemikian berdaya guna sehingga memungkinkan untuk
melakukan manipulasi terhadap faktor lingkungan, untuk menunjang kehidupan
masyarakat setempat. Ini merupakan
modal kuat untuk menambah manfaat pengembangan hutan tanaman sebagai kawasan
yang ramah dan berkelanjutan sesuai kebutuhan setempat. Salah satu kelompok
tanaman yang berasosiasi dengan ekosistem hutan (konservasi, lindung dan/atau
produksi) adalah yang berkhasiat obat, kosmetik dan berbagai produk bahan
makanan dan minuman sehat. Rekayasa teknologi budidaya, alat, sosial-budaya,
pasca panen dan industri untuk pengembangan berbagai jenis tanaman obat yang
dilandasi lptek dapat menunjang pembangunan sistern berusahatani/berwanatani
untuk percepatan dan keberlanjutan pembangunan hutan tanaman yang di sekitarnya
tumbuh masyarakat yang mengandalkan usahatani, perkebunan dan kehutanan sebagai
sumber mata pencaharian atau tempat bekerja.
Tanaman obat yang
beraneka ragam jenis, habitus, ekologi dan khasiatnya mempunyai peluang
besar dan rnemberi kontribusi yang tidak ternilai bagi pembangunan dan
pengembangan hutan tanaman di Indonesia. Karakteristik berbagai tanaman obat
yang menunjang pertumbuhannya untuk menghasilkan produk berguna bagi masyarakat
memberi peluang untuk dibangun dan dikembangkan bersama jenis-jenis tanaman
dalam hutan tanaman di daerah tertentu. Bagaimanapun,
hal ini tetap berlandas pada sosial budaya setempat yang mempengaruhi ekosistem
pertanian, perkebunan dan kehutanan. Berbagai keuntungan yang dihasilkan dengan
berperannya tanaman obat dalam hutan tanaman adalah: pendapatan, kesejahteraan,
konservasi berbagai sumber daya, pendidikan nonformal, keberlanjutan usaha dan
penyerapan tenaga kerja serta keamanan sosial. Pemberdayaan aset (asset)
hutan tanaman yang bijaksana dapat membantu program pembangunan hutan di
berbagai daerah di Indonesia yang di dalamnya terkandung pula upaya menyehatkan
sumberdaya alam nasional.
Kata
kunci : tanaman obat, hutan tanaman, masyarakat
setempat
Improved science and technology on the
cultivation of medicinal plants as well as on the development of plantation
forest have enabled people to manipulate micro-environmental conditions as useful
determinants for improving human beings' welfare near and around the forest
vicinities. Such strategic tools
would enhance the plantation forest development to become useful and sustainable
nature to the community. A great
number of plants associated with forest ecosystem in terms of conservation,
protection and production, are those which produce various kinds of medicines,
cosmetics and other diversified products for foods and drinks.
Engineering on technology of cultivations, tools, post harvests,
socio-cultures and local industries to support the development of medicinal
plants would help enhance the realization of the agro-forestry for plantation
forest in certain areas where community members are holding farming's,
plantations and plantation forests for their daily activities. Medicinal plants
with various kinds, habitats, ecological conditions and utilization
opportunities provide great contributions on the development of plantation
forests throughout Indonesia. Local specific characters supporting the
introductions of the medicinal plants in a plantation forest system, are great
advantages to give various kinds of benefit in terms of income, wealth and labor
opportunity to local community members in the plantation forest areas. Other
important aspects of including medicinal plants in the plantation forest
development are germ plasm conservation, informal education, sustainable daily
work for many members in the community and conducive environment, social
security in particular. In line with that, all assets of the Plantation forest
become very beneficial in realizing the plantation forest development programs throughout
Indonesia. It also important to get the community members convinced
about tremendous useful resources and functions of plantations forest,
including medicinal plants, with the success of the project implementations
throughout Indonesia.
Keywords :
medicinal plants, plantation forest,
local community
PENGARUH HORMON PENGATUR TUMBUH TERHADAP
PERTUMBURANCABUTAN ANAKAN ALAM BEBERAPA JENIS DIPTEROCARPACEAE (The Effect of
Rootone F Plant Growth Regulator on Growth of Several Dipterocarp Wildings)
Buletin
Teknologi Reboisasi BTR Banjarbaru No.6 hal
27-34 th 2001
Summary
Dipterocarp species are
generally commercial species, dominating tropical rain forest particularly in
Kalirnantan. Its wood is used for
industry and construction. Other
products of dipterocarp include damar and tengkawang oil.
There are many utilization of
dipterocarp wood, and development of wood technology and forest harvesting
technology increase exploitation of dipterocarp species.
Plant propagation of dipterocarp species such as generative and
vegetative propagation is supposed to overcome this over-exsploitation.
Generative propagation has some problems, including irregular fruiting
time and short dormancy period of the seeds.
Wildlings, stumps and cuttings are used vegetatively in the cultivation
of those species.
Usually in vegetative
propagation, hormone or plant growth regulators like root one are used to
accelerate growth. This plant trial
is aimed at find out the effect of root
one F on the dipterocarp seedlings. The
species are Shorea johorensis, S. panifolia, S. faquetiana, Hopea sangal and S.
parvistipulata.
The result of the trial showed that plant growth
regulator was not affected significantly. Plant
survival was high enough (96%), conclusions root one F doesn't necessary
stimulated wilding for some dipterocarp species.
In addition the nursery condition of the trial was good.
Keywords : Shorea johorensis, S.parvifolia, S.faquetiana, S.parvistipulata, Hopea sangal, wildling, root one-F, nursery.
29. Dony Rachmanadi, Herman Daryono, M. Yafis dan Rusmana
REHABILITASI HUTAN RAWA GAMBUT :UJI COBA PENANAMAN PADA
AREAL RUTAN RAWA GAMBUT BEKAS TEBANGAN (Peat Swamps Forest Rehabilitation :
Planting Trial on Logged-over Peat Swamp Forests)
Buletin Teknologi BTR Banjarbaru No.7 hal 35-41 Th 2001
The planting trial was conducted on the logged-over peat swamp forest area,
at Teluk Umpan, Central Kalimantan. Five
species were test namely ramin (Gonystylus
bancanus), meranti (Shorea panifolia), resak (Vatica rassak), punak
(Tetramerista glabra), dan kapur naga (Calophyllum
macrocarpum).
The experiment planted using 25 seedlings for each species, into line
planting system. Spacing between
line planting was 10 m and 3 m between seedling within line planting.
Five seedlings for each species were planted in line, therefore total
line was five line.
Two, years after planting, the result indicated that the survival rate of
resak (V. rassak), ramin (G.
bancanus)
, punak (T. glabra), Kapur naga (C. macrocarpum) and meranti (S.
parvifolia)
were 84%, 76%, 64%, 56%, and 48% respectively. However punak was the best diameter stem increment (8,7 mm),
and then meranti (7,8 mm), kapur naga (7,7 mm), ramin (5,0 mm), and resak 3,9
mm). Meranti was the best height
increment (53,1 cm) and then punak (41,3 cm), resak (37,4 cm), kapur naga (36,6
cm) and ramin (14,7 cm)
Keywords : rehabilitation, peat swamp forest, logged-over area, planting, growth
PRODUKTIVITAS DAN
BIAYA PENYARADAN KAYU DENGAN KERBAU DI JAMBI (Productivity
and cost of log-skidding using buffalo in Jambi)
Buletin
Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol. 19 No. 3, Tahun 2001
Summary
An investigation on productivity and log-skidding
cost using buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) was carried out at the area of
Inhutani V in Jambi in 1999. The objective is to get reliable information about
such productivity and cost. Connected with this purpose, some related data as
collected were i.e. volume of skidded log, skidding distance, skidding-working
time, buffalo working time, feeding cost, operator cost, and equipment.
Volumes of log which was skidded using buffalo ranged between 0.094 and 0.904 m3ltrip with an average of 0.484 m3/trip. Skidding distance using buffalo varied from 10 to 242 m with an average of 82 m. The working time varied from 11 to 83 minutes with an average of 30 minutes . The log skidding productivity ranged between 0.035 and 1.211 m3-hm/hour with an average of 0.338 m3 –hm/hour. Log skidding costs using buffalo ranged between Rp 681 and Rp 23.589/M3 -hm with an average of Rp 4.375/m3 -hm. It is suggested that volume of skidded log in each round trip and skidding distance be not more than 1 M3 and 250 m, respectively.
Keywords : productivity, cost, log skidding, buffalo
Penelitian mengenai produktivitas dan biaya penyaradan kayu dengan
menggunakan kerbau dilakukan di PT. Inhutani V di Jambi pada tahun 1999.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui produktivitas dan biaya
penyaradan kayu menggunakan kerbau. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa volume kayu
yang disarad, jarak sarad, waktu kerja penyaradan, waktu kerja kerbau, biaya
pakan, upah, pekerja, dan biaya peralatan.
Volume kayu yang disarad oleh seekor kerbau berkisar antara 0,094 - 0,904 m3/rit
dengan rata-rata 0,484 m3/rit. Jarak sarad yang ditempuh antara 11 -
242 m dengan rata-rata 82 m. Waktu
kerja penyaradan bervariasi antara 11 - 83 menit dengan rata-rata 30 menit.
Produktivitas penyaradan yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 0,035 - 1,211 M3-hm/jam
dengan rata-rata 0,338 m3-hm/jam. Biaya penyaradan kayu dengan
menggunakan seekor kerbau adalah sebesar Rp 681 - Rp 23.589/m3 -hm
dengan rata-rata Rp 4.375/m3 -hm. Disarankan volume kayu yang disarad
tidak lebih dari 1 m3 per rit dan jarak penyaradan tidak lebih dari
250 meter.
Kata kunci : produktivitas, biaya, penyaradan
kayu, kerbau
KEMUNGKINAN PENGGUNAAN LIMBAH
ORGANIK SABUT KELAPA SAWIT DAN SEKAM PADI SEBAGAI CAMPURAN TOP- SOIL UNTUK MEDIA
PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT MAHONI (Swietenia macrophylla King.) (The possibility of using
organic waste from oil palm and rice husk as top-soil mixture for growing media
of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.) seedlings)
Buletin Penelitian Hutan, P3H&KA, No. 628, Tahun 2001
The success of mahogany seedling growth is
dependent on their root growth and development. The root growth is affected by growing medium of the
seedlings. The purpose of this
experiment is to investigate the effect of growing media and seed size on the
growth and morphological quality of mahogany seedlings.
Seven types of media namely: pure top-soil,
top-soil + rice husk = 1 : 1 (v/v), top-soil + oil palm husk = 1 : 1 (v/v), rice
husk + oil palm husk = 1 : 1 (v/v), top-soil + rice husk + oil palm husk = 1 : 1
: 1 (v/v), pure rice husk, pure oil palm husk, and three seed sizes (small,
medium, large) were arranged in a factorial experiment within completely
randomized design with 5 replications. Each replication consisted of 5 seedlings.
The result showed that the growth and
morphological quality of mahogany seedlings were better on top-soil + organic
media mixture than on those pure top-soil medium. The medium which can be used for the growth of mahogany
seedlings are Oxisol top-soil + oil palm husk + rice husk = 1 : 1 : 1 (v/v), oil
palm husk + rice husk = 1 : 1 (v/v), or top-soil + oil palm husk = 1 : 1 (v/v).
These media more suitable than pure top-soil from the aspects of the
growth, morphological quality and the light weight of. mahogany seedlings.
Seed size was not significantly affect the growth and morphological
quality of mahogany seedlings.
Kata kunci (Keywords) : mahoni, bibit, top-soil, sabut kelapa sawit, sekam padi (mahogany, seedling, top-soil, oil palm husk, rice husk)
THE DRYING SCHEDULES FOR SMALL-DIAMETER LOGS FROM JAMBI, AND THEIR PROPER UTILIZATION FOR WOODEN CRAFT
PRODUCTS
Forestry
Research Journal Vol. 2 No.1 2001
The objectives of this study were to obtain optimal
drying schedules of five woods species with small-diameter logs, and to find out
their proper utilization with respect to the criteria on decorative value,
machining properties, and wood strength. The species were mahang (Macaranga cruinosa), medang (Litsea sp.), balam (Palaquium gutta), bayur (Pterospermum diversifolium), and merkubung (Macaranga gigantea).
The drying schedule for each species was based on
results of preliminary investigation at 100oC. The preliminary
steaming was performed on green wood samples at 100oC temperature and
100% humidity which were both maintained for two hours. The steaming treatment
was only implemented on medang and balam woods prior to their drying.
Results reveals that the optimal drying schedules
for mahang, medang, and balam species were similar to each other, i.e. at 38oC
- 60oC temperatures and 86% - 38% humidity.
Meanwhile, the schedules for bayur and merkubung at 43oC –
77oC and 75% - 33%. The preliminary steaming seemed effective in
maintaining the original properties of medang and balam woods. Based on criteria
evaluation, mahang species was suitable material for
wooden craft products, such as traditional dolls, masks, and fancy
sandals. Meanwhile, medang wood was for kitchen utensils; balam for toys
and kitchen utensils; merkubung for fancy sandals; and bayur for traditional
dolls, masks, fancy sandals, and kitchen utensils.
Keywords : small-diameter logs, drying schedule, preliminary steaming, wood quality, and wooden craft products
33.
Edy Subagyo,
Bambang Prayudi dan Fakhmi Rizani
UJI KETAHANAN PROVENANSI Acacia mangium TERRADAP PENVAKIT KARAT (Resistance
of several Acacia mangium
provenances on phyllode rust)
Buletin Teknologi BTR Banjarbaru No.7 hal 42-47 Th 2001
Phyllode rust disease caused by Atelocauda
digitata has been found on Acacia mangium
Willd. plantation. The diseases retarded plantation growth particularly at
seedling stage, and sometimes caused seedling mortality.
This study was aimed to
investigate the resistance of A. mangium provenances
to the phyllode rust. Moreover, it
was also investigated whether the resistance was due to genetic factor or
environmental condition.
The augmented design was employed using 17
provenances and four replicates. Seedling
of 2.5 months old was inoculated naturally by placing the seedling under
infected plantation. Assessment was
conducted by means of early symtoms and its intensity on every provenance.
Results indicated that second weeks after
inoculation phyllode rust was detected. The
best Provenances and classified as rather resistant were Wipim, PNG and Oriomo.
PNG, provenances. While
Ingham, QLD and Side, Ceram, INA provenances were the most susceptible.
Heritability calculation indicated that 66.52 % o f phyllode rust was influenced by genetic factor and 33.48 % affected by
the environment.
Keywords : phylode, provenance, Acacia mangium, resistence
34.
Eliya
Suita dan Abdullah Syarief Mukhtar, 2001
STUDI
PERMINTAAN DAGING RUSA DARI HASIL PENANGKARAN DI JAKARTA (The Study of Demand
of Venison from Deer Breeding in
Jakarta)
Buletin
Penelitian Hutan, Puslitbang Hutan & KA, No. 625 Tahun 2001, pp 19
Summary
Indonesia
has various natural resources. One
of them is deer. The deer as a wildlife can be bred and has high economic value.
Nowadays, not much venison is at restaurants in Jakarta, because it is
sold rare in the market but also expensive. Venison is imported from New
Zealand.
This
field research was carried out for three months in Jakarta, to evaluate the
prospect of demand of venison from deer breeding.
The
result of research showed that venison has a good prospect based on present
demand. 84.21 percent of the 142 visitors (Table 6) of restaurants said they
would cat the venison - food, while 14.29 percent of the 28 owners (Table 2) of
restaurants want to sell venison, provided it was promoted beforehand 21.21
percent of the 33 meat buyers (Table 10) would buy venison, and 60.00 percent of
the 15 butcher (Table 11) would sell it in the future.
Kata
kunci (Keywords) : daging rusa, penangkaran
INDUKSI
PERAKARAN EUCALYPTUS DEGLUPTA BLUME IN VITRO DENGAN PERLAKUAN KLON MEDIA
DASAR, ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH IBA DAN ARANG AKTIF (Root
Induction of Eucalyptus deglupta Blume in Vitro
with Clone, Basal Medium, IBA and Activated Charcoal Treatment)
Buletin
Teknologi Reboisasi BTR Banjarbaru No.
6 hal 1-14 th 2001
Eucalyptus deglupta Blume (leda) is one of the fast growing species that has various utilizations and high economic value. The immediate benefit can be recognized by means of tissue culture technology because of ability to obtain a large number of propagates originating from a small number of selected trees in a shorter time. There are four stages in tissue culture from explants to entire organism namely of (1) initiation of shoots, (2) shoot multiplication, (3) induction of root, and (4) acclimatization. Root induction is an important stage to face precondition from in vitro to ex vitro. Factors affecting the success in tissue culture are internal factor (genetic) and external factor (basal medium, hormone, activated charcoal and any other additive compound). This experiment was aimed at to investigate the effect of clone, plant growth regulator, basal medium, and activated charcoal applications. The result showed that Murashige Skoog (MS) (1/2) medium and IBA 1 mg/l concentration gave the best result against the induction of root E. deglupta (score 72). Explants on MS 1/2 gave root 4,0 crn with shoot height 3,3 mm and produce 33,9% callus. The number of root in MS 1/2 was not significantly different. IBA 1 mg/l was considerable the optimum concentration due to produce 100% root, with root length average 3,3 cm. Activated charcoal did not produce high rooting yet and decreased formation of callus. Meanwhile, Eucalyptus E 56 was the responsive clone by basal medium and IBA treatment.
Keywords : tissue, culture, root induction, IBA, deglupta, murashige skoog (MS)
36.
Erra
Yusnita, B. Wiyono dan Hartoyo, 2001
PENGARUH LAMA PEMASAKAN BIJI TERHADAP RENDEMEN
DAN SIFAT FISIKO-KIMIA MINYAK KEMIRI (The Effect of Cooking Duration of
Kemiri Nut on the Yield and Physico-Chemical Properties of the Oil)
Buletin
Penelitian Puslitbang Teknologi Hasil Hutan, Vol. 19 N0. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 1-8
Summary
Kemiri
(Aleuritus mollucaa Willd) plants are widely distributed in the tropical and sub
tropical regions. Meanwhile, kemiri
plant grows vastly almost anywhere in Indonesia.
Kemiri nut meg can be used not only as food-seasoning, ingredients but
also as a traditional medicine. The kernel portion of kemiri nut has high
nutrition and energy (calorific) values, and so does its oil. The nut, is the
meat part after removing the kemiri thell, could is further produced oil after
having undergone curtains extractions process.
Kemiri
nut oil has such specific characteristics that being easily dried under open
air. Therefore, this oil can be used as volatilizing agent in the manufactures of
paint and varnish.
In
addition, the properties of kemiri nut oil are affected by its extraction
methods and quality of its raw material (kemiri nut).
In this regard, the study is conducted to leam the effect of cooking
duration on the yield and physico-chemical properties of the resulting oil The
aim of this study is find out the optimal cooking duration capable of producing
oil with satisfactory qualities.
The
results reveal that increase in the cooking duration are affected significantly
the yield, specific gravity, light transmittion, free fatty acid (FFA) content,
and iod number of the oil. Cooking duration for 30 minutes turned ant to give
optimum condition with respect to oil properties, i.e. yield at 49,94%, iod
number = 158,657, FFA=1,1399, specific gravity = 0,9211, and transmition =
70,43.
Keywords
: yield, physico-chemical properties, cooking duration
Ringkasan
Tanaman kemiri tersebar luas di daerah tropis dan sub
tropis. Sedangkan di Indonesia tanaman kemiri tersebar luas hampir di seluruh
hampir di seluruh wilayah nusantara. Biji kemiri (Aleuritus mollucana Willd)
selain digunakan sebagai bumbu penyedap masakan, dapat pula dimafaatkan untuk
obat tradisional. Daging biji kemiri memiliki kadar gizi dan energi yang sangat
tinggi (terlebih kadar minyak).
Minyak kemiri mempunyai sifat-sifat khusus, dimana minyak
ini mudah mengering bila dibiarkan di udara terbuka. Oleh
karena itu minyak kemiri dapat digunakan sebagai minyak pengering dalam industri
cat dan vernish.
Sifat
minyak kemiri yang dihasilkan, antara lain dipengaruhi oleh metode ekstraksi dan
mutu bahan bakunya. Sehubungan
dengan itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui waktu pemasakan biji kemiri
terhadap rendmen dan sifat fisiko kimia minyak yang dihasilkan, dan sasarannya
adalah untuk memperoleh kondisi waktu pemasakan biji kemiri yang optimal,
sehingga persyaratan kwalitas minyak kemiri yang dihasilkan memadai.
Hasil
penelitian munujukkan bahwa peningkatan waktu pemasakan berpengaruh sangat ,
nyata terhadap rendemen, berat jenis, transmisi, kadar asam lemak bebas dan
bilangan iod yang dihasilkan. Minyak yang dihasilkan dengan lama pemasakan 30
menit merupakan sebesar 49,94%, bilangan iod = 158,657; kadar asam lemak bebas =
1,1399; berat jenis = 0,9211 dan transmisi = 76,45
Kata
kunci : rendemen, sifat fisiko kimia, waktu pemasakan
37.
Erra
Yusnita, S. Sumadiwangsa, Dendi Setyawan dan Erik Dahlian
Buletin
Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol. 19 No. 3, Tahun 2001
Summary
Pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh et.de.Vriese) trees
have an important role on related industries endeavoring in forest products, due
to the widespread utilization on their potential wood as well as gum matters.
Production of pine gum can be affected by the
manner of its tapping, kind and percentage of stimulant agent, age and diameter
of trees. and genotype factors. Related as such, this investigation was intended
to evaluate the effect of pine tree diameters and stimulant percentage on
productivity of pine tapping. In
addition, this investigation was also to evaluate whether the tapping orientations
(i.e. north-, east-, south-, and west-directions) affected the gum
productivity. The main aim was to find out which tapping manner turned out to be
the most efficient, the most economic and the safest either to the trees. or to
the tapping worker themselves and end up with the optimum and continuity of pine
gum production. The pine trees selected for this investigation were the ones
growing in Sumedang region, West Java (Indonesia).
Results revealed that age of pine trees
significantly affected the gum production.
Tree age of 16,26 and 31 year old produced gum at 50.15 gr, 81.94 gr, and
9.17 gr respectively per tree stand. Meanwhile
productivity was also affected by tapping orientation, in which) the east
direction of tapping on 16- year old pine tree at stimulant level of either 15 %
or 20 % brought about the optimum productivity.
Likewise, optimum production was obtained from 26-year old pine tree at
15 % stimulant percentage with north- as well as south-direction of tapping, and
from the 31-year old pine free stands at 25 % stimulant by west-direction
tapping.
Keywords : age of pine trees, gum, productivity, stimulant level
Pohon tusam (Pinus merkusii Jungh et
de. Vriese) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman hutan yang memegang peranan
penting dalam berbagai bidang industri, karena selain menghasilkan kayu juga
menghasilkan getah.
Pada proses penyadapan pohon untuk menghasilkan getah, faktor yang dapat
berpengaruh terhadap produksi getah adalah genotip, asal pohon umur, diameter
pohon, cara penyadapan, macam dan kadar bahan perangsang.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh umur, kadar stimulan dan
diameter pohon terhadap produktivitas getah pinus. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan
untuk mengetahui pengaruh lain yang diduga berpengaruh terhadap produktivitas
getah seperti arah mata angin penyadapan.
Sasarannya adalah untuk mengetahui cara penyadapan yang paling efisien,
ekonomis dan aman terhadap pohon dan para penyadap dengan hasil produksi getah
optimum dan berkelanjutan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa umur pohon sangat berpengaruh terhadap
produktivitas getah. Pohon yang berumur 16,26 dan 31 tahun, masing-masing
menghasilkan getah sebesar 50,15 gram, 81,94 gram dan 9,17 gram per pohon,
Pemanenan getah pinus untuk tegakan pohon umur 16 tahun, penggunaan kadar
stimulan yang menghasilkan getah optimum adalah 15% atau 20% dengan arah
sadapan Timur. Tegakan pohon umur 26 tahun dngan penggunaan kadar stimulan 15%
dengan arah sadapan Selatan atau Utara. Sedangkan
untuk tegakan pohon umur 31 tahun hasil getah optimum pada pemakaian kadar
stimulan 25% dengan arah sadapan Barat.
Kata
kunci : getah, produktivitas, kadar
stimulan, umur pohon
38.
Evi Irawan
dan C. Nugroho S. Priyono
PERSEPSI PETANI TERHADAP PROGRAM PENGHIJAUAN: Studi Kasus
di Kabupaten Karanganyar dan Sragen Farmers'
Perception toward Regreening Program: A
Case Study in Karanganyar and Sragen Districts
Buletin
Teknologi BTP DAS Surakarta, Nomor VII, 1, 2001
It has been well known that regreening program was carried out in the way of top down approach. It was indicated that farmers have different perception with the government's regreening program. This study was to examine farmers' perception toward regreening program conducting by survey method. Data were collected by distributing questionnaire to 120 farmers and analyzed using descriptive statistics and scoring. The results revealed that (1) farmers' perception toward regreening program tended to positive. Percentage of farmers who agreed with statement that regreening program was joint responsibility between farmers and government was high (more than 75 per cent). Similarly, more than 75 per cent of farmers had perception tended to positive toward statement that farmers participation in whole process of regreening program would be able to make the program success, (2) All of the farmers, both in Karanganyar and Sragen, had perception that were inclined to positive toward regreening technology. The number of farmers in Karanganyar who had positive perception was about 75 percent, whereas the number of farmers in Sragen was about 50 percent, (3) There was a difference between farmers in Karanganyar and Sragen. Farmers in Sragen had only 2 (two) kinds of perception categories. They were 'never' and 'seldom' categories of perception toward their involvement in regreening program. Whereas, farmers in Karanganyar had various perception. They were 'never', 'seldom', 'sometimes'. 'often', and 'always' (4) Most of the farmers in Sragen (more than 75 percent) had perception that they were never involved in regreening program (total score value 5-9), whereas the number of farmers in Karanganyar who had total score value 5-9 were about 25 percent, (5) Most of the farmers in Karanganyar (more or less 40 percent) had perception that they were seldom involved in regreening program (total score value 10- 14), whereas the number of farmers in Sragen who had total score value 10- 14 were about 10 percent.
Keywords
:
39.
Evi Irawan,
Purwanto dan Corryanti Twn
KOMPOSISI SUMBER PENDAPATAN PETANI PESANGGEM Studi Kasus
di RPH Besali, BKPH Kates, KPH Padangan (Composition
of Forestry Farmers' Sources of Income Case Study at RPH Besali, BKPH Kates, KPH
Padangan)
There was an interesting phenomenon in the forest
of RPH Besali, part of BKPH Kates, KPH Padangan. Although the lands of forest
were critical, the farmers were still interested to involve in the forestry
programs (Taungya System) offered by Perhutani.
The aims of this research were to examine the composition of the forestry
farmers' sources of income, poverty level, and their income distribution.
Research method applied in this research was survey method.
Data were collected with the use of a questionnaire given to 30 forestry
farmers. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and gini
ratio. The result revealed that: (1) the average of total land holding was 0.691
hectare. Meanwhile, the average of
land holding based on the types of lands were 0.187 hectare for home garden,
0.087 hectare for dry land, 0.325 hectare for shared land, and 0.092 hectare for
flood plain, (2) the average of forestry farmers' total income was 2.269.471,00
Rupiahs per annum. The most contributor was livestock husbandry income (51%).
The contrary was true for shared land (69%), (3) the source of income came from
farming in the flood plain only contributed about 7 percent of total income.
Nevertheless, it could provide income for forestry farmers continuously,
(4) the ratio of forestry farmers' income and poverty line was 110.08 % and
categorized as poor farmers, and (5) the coefficient of gini ratio was 0.6,
indicated that there was a wide gap of income-among forestry farmers.
Keywords : forestry farmer, income, and flood plain
40. Farida,
Sumaryati dan Triwilaida
TINGKAT ADOPSI TEKNOLOGI USAHA TANI KONSERVASI TANAMAN
LORONG : Studi Kasus di Kabupaten Boyolali (Farmer's
Adoption on Alley Cropping as Conservation Farming
: A Case Study in Boyolali
Districts)
Buletin
Teknologi BTP DAS Surakarta, Nomor VII, 1, 2001
Improper land management will effect land
deterioration, furthermore it will cause critical land.
One approach in solving the soil problem is application of soil
conservation technique which have to be accepted and profitable for the farmers.
In order to know how far the farmer could accept the technology on introducing
alley cropping as a conservation farming through developing demonstration plots
at Kayen village, Juwangi sub district, Boyolali regency was done. Data were
collected using questionnaire given to 30 farmers (participant farmers and
impact farmers) as respondents and field observation. The collected data was
analyzed using descriptive quantitative method. The results revealed that the
participant farmers had a higher knowledge than there of impact farmers, and
both reached "willing to do level" (mau), no one of them had
“able to do level" (mampu). In
order to increase adoption level, the farmers need intensive extension from both
field workers and progressive farmer to guide them cotintinuously.
Keywords : adoption
level, conservation farming, alley cropping
41.
Fitri
Nurfatriani dan Doddy S. Sukadri
PENGELOLAAN HUTAN DI MASA DEPAN: BERDASARKAN PARADIGMA
PEMBANGUNAN KEHUTANAN DI ABAD 21 (Forest
Management in the Future : Based on Forestry Development Paradigm in the 21 th
Century)
Buletin
Penelitian
dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Vol.2, No. 2, Th. 2001
Sumber daya hutan Indonesia memiliki peranan penting dalam menghasilkan
devisa negara. Pada masa-masa awal
pembangunan, eksploitasi sumber daya hutan hanya berorientasi pada timber
based management yang menitikberatkan pada manfaat ekonomis semata. Memasuki
abad 21, pembangunan kehutanan Indonesia dihadapkan pada permasalahan yang makin
kompleks. Salah satu permasalahan yang dihadapi adalah masalah deforestasi hutan
dengan laju yang tinggi berdasarkan data Ditjen RLPS pada tahun 2000 mencapai
1,6 juta hektar/tahun. Dengan laju
kerusakan yang tinggi tersebut luas hutan Indonesia mengalami penurunan yang
signifikan, hal tersebut mengakibatkan sumber daya hutan Indonesia mengalami
penurunan potensi yang sangat berarti. Berdasarkan pertimbangan di atas,
diperlukan suatu pemikiran yang serius mengenai pengelolaan hutan di masa kini
dan masa yang akan datang. Pengelolaan hutan di masa yang akan datang harus
sejalan dengan arah pembangunan kehutanan di abad 21 yang telah bergeser dari
orientasi ekonomi ke arah pembangunan kehutanan yang berorientasikan pada resource and community based development, yang dijabarkan sebagai
berikut : 1) Perubahan Orientasi Produksi Kayu dari Hutan Alam ke Hutan Tanaman;
2) Perubahan Orientasi dari Hasil Hutan Kayu ke Hasil Hutan Non Kayu Dan Jasa;
3) Pergeseran Pola Pengusahaan Hutan dari Konglomerasi ke Peningkatan Peran
Masyarakat; 4) Perubahan Bentuk Pengelolaan Hutan dari Optimasi Produksi Log ke
Optimasi Fungsi Hutan; dan 5) Pergeseran Kewenangan Pengelolaan Hutan dari
Sentralisasi ke Desentralisasi.
Kata kunci :
pengelolaan, pembangunan, hutan, paradigma
Indonesia forest resources has
meaningful role in order to gain the income for the country.
In the beginning of the development era in Indonesia, forest resources
exploitation is oriented to the timber based management, which is more focus on
economic benefit. In 21th century, Indonesia forestry development is
faced to the complex problem, one of these problems is forest deforestation with
high rate that is 1.6 millions hectares/years based on Ditjen RLPS data in 2000. It is causing the significantly decreasing of Indonesian
forest and also effecting to the decreasing of its potential. Based on this
consideration, it needs the serious thought concerning the forest management
currently and in the future. Forest management in the future must be managed
agree with forestry development paradigm in the 21th century which
is oriented to the resources and community based development, those are : 1) The
changing of wood production orientation from natural forest to the plantation
forest, 2) The changing of orientation from wood forest product to the non wood
forest product, 3) The changing of forest concession from
conglomeration to the enhance of people role, 4) The changing of forest
management form, from optimized log production to the optimized forest function,
5) The changing of forest management authority from centralization to the decentralization.
Keywords :
management, development, forest, paradigm
MODEL AGROFORESTRY DI
DAS MAMASA SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF
PENGAMANAN WADUK BAKARU, PROPINSI
SULAWESI SELATAN (Agrotorestry Model on Mamasa Watershed As An Alternative
for Protecting Bakaru DAM, Province of Sulawesi Selatan)
Buletin Teknologi Pengelolaan DAS UP hal 13-26 Th 2001
Summary
The experiment was conducted in Salo Bue Pambe, Village of
Rante Puang Sub Regency Mamasa, Regency Polewali Mamasa to compare the rate of
run off and erosion of four agroforestry models. The models were evaluated in Plot 22 x 4 m using drum
collector. Four models being
evaluated were M1 = (Coffee, chocolate, gamal, lamtoro, bench
terrace) M2 = (Coffee, Chocolate, dadap, gamal); M3 = Coffee, gamel,
cassava, dadap, maize); Control = alang-alang in two replications.
The result of the experiment showed that : (1) The rate of
run off and erosion of control were the lowest, (2) M3 (Coffee,
gamel, ubi kayu, dadap and corn) could be recommended as an alternative for
protecting Bakaru Dam.
Keywords :
konservasi tanah, vegetatif, teras bangku, limpasan permukaan dan erosi
43.
Gunardjo
Tjakrawarsa, Budi Hadi Narendra
EVAPOTRANSPIRASI BEBERAPA JENIS VEGETASI LOKAL DI SUB SUB
DAS MELUHU, SUB DAS KONAWEHA-LAHUMBUTI, SULAWESI TENGGARA (Evaporation of local vegetation at Meluhu Sub-sub Watershed, Konaweha-Lahumbuti
Sub Watershed, Sulawesi Tenggara)
Buletin Teknologi Pengelolaan DAS UP NO.
7 hal 1-11 2001
Summary
Study on evapotranspiration of
local vegetation was carried out at Meluhu Sub-sub Watershed, Konaweha-Lahumbuti
Sub Watershed, Sulawesi Tenggara from September up to December 2000.
The aim of this study was to evaluate transpiration of local vegetation
and evaporation rate. The study was
performed on two pots (5 liters volume) for each species. Difference of weighing
of pot in the morning and afternoon of each species was weight of water that
evaporated. The local species was
planted on two pots and weighed on the morning and afternoon everyday.
The result showed that
Bolo-bolo (Adinandra subangulata Kobuski) had the maximum
evapotranspiration 4422,6 mm/year on the other hand Orodu (Astronia atroviridis
Man sf.) had the minimum rate 871,1 mm/year. Temperature and physiological
condition of vegetation affected the evapotranspiration rate.
Keywords
: evapotranspirasi, vegetasi lokal, suhu dan
kelembaban relatif , modifikasi lisimeter
44.
Gusmailina, Gustan Pari, Sri Komarayati, dan Tati Rostiwati
ALTERNATIF ARANG
AKTIF SEBAGAI SOIL CONDITIONING PADA
TANAMAN (Alternative on the utilization of
activated bamboo and candle nut charcoal as a plant's soil conditioning)
Buletin
Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol. 19 No. 3, Tahun 2001
This paper deals with experimental results of
utilizing activated charcoal of bamboo and candle nut as a plant's soil
conditioning. In this regard the
plant species for the experiment was Eucalyptus urophylla with respect to
the growth of its seedlings. Further, this experiment was intended to evaluate
the effect of activated charcoal to as added to the media of Eucalyptus
urophylla seedlings on their growth, and to asses the role of activated
charcoal in improving soil fertility.
The media for the seedling growth consisted of
top soil mixed with activated charcoal of either bamboo or candlenut, compost,
and mycorrhiza. The mixture was manipulated into various composition and further
regarded as a treatment. The media consisting of only topsoil was also used as a
control.
The parameters as observed
were number of leaves, increase in height of Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings,
weight and dry weight of plant, weight of root portion infected by mycorrhiza,
and weight ratio of the top to root portion of the plant (T/R ratio).
Further, the analyses of nutrients in the media consisted of N,P,K, Ca,
and Mg contents before and after experiment.
Result showed that the
media containing activated charcoal of bamboo are more preferable than that of
candlenut, this is because the former media could stimulate the increase in the
height of plant seedlings by 27 percent, enhance the additional number of leaves
by 29, increase the T/R ratio by 28 percent, and provide better mycorrhyzza
growth than the latter media (i.e. containing activated charcoal of candlenut).
Further, when the media containing top soil and activated charcoal of bamboo
were added with compost, it could stimulate the growth in 4.8 times as much as
height of E. urophylla plant.
Keywords : activated charcoal, bamboo, candle nut, soil conditioning, Eucalyptus urophylla
Dalam tulisan ini akan dikemukakan hasil penelitian pendahuluan mengenai
pemanfaatan arang aktif bambu dan kemiri sebagai soil conditioning pada ta
Perlakuan komposisi media semai yang diramu/diberikan dalam penelitian ini
merupakan campuran dari arang aktif kompos, mikoriza dan top soil serta kontrol.
Parameter yang diamati adalah jumlah daun, tinggi tanaman, berat basah
dan kering tanaman, berat akar yang terinfeksi mikoriza, berat bagian atas dan
bawah. Analisis kandungan hara media sapih yang diperiksa adalah NPK, Ca dan Mg
sebelum dan sesudah percobaan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian arang aktif bambu dapat
digunakan sebagai campuran media pertumbuhan anakan Eucalyptus urophylla karena
dapat meningkatkan pertambahan tinggi anakan Eucalyptus urophylla sebesar
27%, jumlah pertambahan daun 29%, nilai dan persentase perbandingan antara top
(bahagian atas tanaman) dan root (akar tanaman) T/R rasio sebesar 28% serta
aktivitas mikoriza yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan arang aktif kemiri.
Pemberian arang aktif bambu yang dicampur dengan kompos dapat meningkatkan
pertambahan tinggi tanaman sebesar 4,8 kali.
Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disarankan untuk mempercepat pertumbuhan
tanaman E. urophylla media tanam sebaiknya ditambah arang aktif sebanyak
30-40%.
Kata
kunci : arang aktif, bambu , kemiri, soil conditioning, Eucalyptus urophylla
45.
Gustan
Pari dan llah Sailah
Buletin
Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol. 19 No. 4, Tahun 2001
Summary
This report deals with experimental study on the
utilization of palm-tree bast as raw material for activated charcoal. In this
regard, the main aim was to study the effect of concentrations of vaporized NH4HCO3
and (NH4)2C03 solutions as activating agents
(in percentages) on properties of activated charcoal, and to evaluate its use for
purifying ground water. In this regard, the vapors might consist of NH3,
C02 and H20 The manufacture of activated charcoal involved
two consecutive stages, i.e. charcoaling and activation. The charcoaling was
performed on the palm-tree bast in a retort equipped with electrical heater,
followed by the activation stage whereby the inside retort temperature was
increased to 8500c At this temperature, the vapors of both NH4HCO3
and (NH4)2C03 were each passed into the retort
at several concentrations (i.e. 0.0%, 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.075%, and 0.1% of
either vapor) for 90 minutes at pressure of
0.05 kg/cm2
; and on completion the
resulting activated charcoal was examined of their inherent properties.
It was found out that the activated charcoal with
NH4HC03 vapor at 0.01 % revealed the most satisfactory
properties with respect to its selection for purifying the ground water. The
yield of activated charcoal at this vapor percentage was 15.99%, moisture
content 0.10%,
ash content, 31.85%, volatile matter 24.85%, carbon content 43.21%,
adsorptive capacity of benzene 13.33%, Of CHCl3 16.28%, of
NH3 26.65%, Of CCl4 26.64%, of iodine 799.5 mg/g,
of methylene blue 136.10 mg/g and surface area 463,41m2/g.
The ground water
after being purified with this selected activated charcoal revealed the
improvement on its qualities, as shown by the decreases in Fe from 4.919 mg/l to
0. 00 mg/l, Zn from 0.031 mg/l to 0,00 mg/l, Mn from 7.780 mg/l to 6.16 mg/l;,. the
increase in pH from 6.99 to 8.00 and the more transparent in its color.
Keywords :
palm tree fiber, benzene, iodine, activated
charcoal, water, Fe, Zn, Mn
Dalam tulisan ini dikemukakan hasil penelitian
tentang pembuatan arang aktif dari sabut kelapa sawit dengan cara aktivasi uap
kimia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk
mengetahui kualitas arang aktif dari sabut kelapa sawit dengan pemakaian bahan
pengaktif NH4HCO3 dan (NH4)2C03
dosis rendah serta untuk penjernihan air sumur.
Proses pembuatan arang aktif dilakukan di dalam
tungku yang terbuat dari baja tahan karat yang dilengkapi dengan pemanas
listrik.. Pada suhu 8500C. Apabila telah mencapai suhu tersebut
dilakukan proses aktivasi dengan mengalirkan uap larutan NH4HCO3
dan (NH4)2C03 selama 90 menit pada taraf
konsentrasi 0.0 ; 0.01 ; 0.025 ; 0.050 ; 0.075 ; dan 0,1%. Arang aktif dengan
kualitas terbaik diujicobakan untuk menjernihkan air sumur.
Kualitas arang aktif yang terbaik diperoleh dari
sabut kelapa sawit yang diaktivasi oleh NH4HCO3 0,01%
yang menghasilkan rendemen arang aktif sebesar 15,99%, kadar air 0,10%, zat
terbang 24,85%, abu 31,85%, karbon 43,21%, daya serap terhadap C6H6
13,33%, CHCl3 16,28%, NH3 26,65%, CCl4 26,64%, I2 799,5 mg/g dan daya serap terhadap metilin biru 124,97 mg/g
serta luas permukaan sebesar 463,41m2/g.
Arang aktif sabut kelapa sawit ini dapat
menjernihkan air sumur yang ditunjukkan dengan berkurangnya kandungan Fe menjadi
0,00 mg/l dari 4,919 mg/l, Zn menjadi 0,00 mg/l dari 0, 031 mg/l
dan Mn menjadi 6,160 mg/l dari
7,78 mg/l, pH menjadi 8,00 dari 6,99 serta warna air menjadi bening.
Kata kunci : sabut kepala sawit, benzena, iodium, arang aktif, air, Fe, Zn, Mn.
46.
Gustan Pari, Dadang Setiawan dan Saepuloh
ANALISIS KOMPONEN
KIMIA DARI KAYU KURANG DIKENAL DARI KALIMANTAN TIMUR (Chemical
component analysis from lesser known wood species from East Kalimantan)
Buletin
Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol. 19 No. 4, Tahun 2001
Summary
This paper reported the results of chemical
components of several lesser known wood species from East Kalimantan. The wood
species were Kayu Arang (Diospyros macrophylla), Nyaling (Mastixia
trichotama), Penjalin (Drypetes), Lansat Hutan (Lansium) and
Kayu Gading (Koilodepes).
The analysis were comprised of the determination
of holocellulose, hemicelluloce, a-celluloce, lignin, pentosan,
ash content and silicate content. The
solubilities in alcohol benzene, cold water, hot water, and solubility in NaOH
1% were also covered. These
analyses pertaining to the basic wood characteristics were conducted to assess
the ultimate utilization of the wood species as such, especially for pulp
manufacture.
The result showed that holocelluluse content
ranged from 71.17 - 81.20%,
hemicelluloce from 27.51- 35.88%, a-celluloce from 43.15 - 48.73%, lignin from 22.73 - 33.60%, pentosan from 15.28 - 18.79% ash content from
0. 54 - 1.34%, and the silicate content from 0.12 - 0.49%.
Furhter, the solubilities in cold water ranged
from 1.79 - 3.24%, hot water from 5.50 - 7.21%, alcohol benzene from 1.62 -
3.65% and solubility in NaOH 1% from 14.21 - 16.90%.
Based on results of chemical analysis, especially
with respect to holocellulose, lignin and pentosan content, most wood species
are suitable as raw material for pulp and paper industry. For lansat hutan (Lansium
sp), kayu arang (Diospiros macrophylla) and gading (Koilodepes)
species, their considerable extractive content as shown by high solubilities in
the organic solvent should be considered since it could reveal high wax content
as well.
Keywords : wood,
chemical, lignin, holocellulose, pentosan, East Kalimantan.
Ringkasan
Tulisan ini mengemukakan hasil analisis komponen
kimia kayu dari
jenis kayu kurang dikenal.
Semua jenis kayu yang diteliti berasal dari Kalimantan Timur.
Jenis kayu tersebut adalah Kayu Arang (Diospyros macrophylla),
Nyaling (Mastixia trichotama), Penjalin (Drypetes), Lansat Hutan (Lansium)
dan Kayu Gading (Koilodepes).
Analisa yang dilakukan adalah penetapan kadar
holoselulosa, hemiselulosa, a-selulosa, lignin, pentosan,
abu, silikat, kelarutan dalam air dingin, air panas, alkohol benzena, dan
kelarutan dalam NaOH 1%. Analisa ini merupakan dasar untuk menetapkan kegunaan
kayu tersebut terutama untuk dipakai sebagai bahan baku pulp.
Hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa kadar
holoselulosa berkisar antara 71,17 - 81,20%, hemiselulosa antara 27,51 - 35,88%, a-selulosa antara 43,15 - 48,73%, lignin antara
22,73 - 33,60%, pentosan antara 15,28 - 18,79%, kadar abu antara 0,54 - 1,34%, kadar silikat antara 0,12 - 0,49%. Kelarutan
dalam air dingin antara 1,79 - 3,24%, air panas antara 5,50- 7,21%, alkohol
benzena antara 1,62 - 3,65% dan
kelarutan dalam NaOH 1% antara 14,21- 16,90%.
Berdasarkan hasil analisis komponen kimia kayu
terutama dari kadar holoselulosa, lignin, dan pentosan, semua jenis kayu yang
diteliti cukup baik untuk digunakan sebagai bahan baku pulp dan kertas.
Khusus untuk kayu lansat hutan, kayu arang dan kayu gading perlu
diperhatikan zat ekstraktifnya yang cukup tinggi.
Kata kunci : kayu, kimia, lignin, holoselulosa, pentosan, Kalimantan Timur.
AN APPLICATION OF AGNPS (AGRICULTURAL NON POINT
SOURCES POLLUTION MODEL) FOR
EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT (A CASE STUDY IN GOBEH SUB
WATERSHED, CENTRAL JAVA)
Forestry Research Journal, Vol. 2 No. 1, 2001
Abstract
Prediction of the impacts of improper land use practices on watershed environment, up to now are carried out using conventional methods (direct field measurement). Surface flow and sedimentation rate of land use pattern are measured in observation plots. In the case of large area, those methods are not efficient in term of cost, manpower, and time needed. Due to the need of measurement methods considering complexity of watershed problem, mathematical models were develop based on functional relation among influencing factors in the watershed. AGNPS Model (Agricultural Non Point Source Pollution Model) is mathematical model based on functional relationship of the factors in watershed which simulates the behavior of surface runoff, sediment, and transport of nutrient all at once in the watershed dominated by agriculture activities.
The research conducted in Gobeh Sub Watershed is
aimed to identify and evaluate impact of land-use practices on stream-flow
quality and farmer income, and propose land management alternatives producing
better stream-flow quality and higher farmer income. The research is based on a
perception that water-yield of such watershed resulted from integrated process
and caused by many interfering factors. The methods used AGNPS models to identify and evaluate impact of land-use
activities on stream-flow quality, and using survey methods to identify and
evaluate impact of land-use activities on raising farm income.
The main target proposed in managing land-use impact
were reducing crop-land erosion rate, converting grassland to productive land,
generating economic value of sugar-reed land and crop-land, and rice-field bench
terrace improvement. From the land
management simulation applying three alternatives, the third alternative,
combination of Paraserianthes sp. with cover-crop planting in crop-land and
rice-field bench terrace improvement, was the best alternative in reducing
negative impact on stream-flow quality and raising farm income.
Keywords : Watershed Management, Impact Evaluation , AGNPS Model
48.
Hariyatno
Dwiprabowo, Suwidji Basuki , Herry Purnomo dan Haryono
PENENTUAN
LUAS OPTIMAL HUTAN DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI DENGAN GOAL PROGRAMMING DAN AHP SUATU
PENDEKATAN MODEL (Determination
of Optimum Forest Cover in The Watershed Using Goal Programming
and AHP: A
Modeling Approach)
Jurnal
Sosial Ekonomi Vol. 2 No. 1 (2001) pp. 79 – 98
Abstrak
Untuk menjaga fungsi ekologi, ekonomi dan sosial budaya.
keberadaan hutan mullak dipertahankan pada suatu daerah aliran sungai (DAS).
Menurut Undang-undang Pokok Kehutanan no. 41 luas hutan yang perlu
dipertahankan minimal 30% dan luas daratan. Namun Demikian hngga kini masih
menjadi pertanyaan berapa luas hamparan yang perlu ditutup oleh hutan dalam
suatu DAS sehingga fungsi-fungsi tersebut dapat dipenuhi.
Tulisan
ini merupakan hasil studi yang dimaksudkan unluk mencari pendekatan dan metoda
penentuan luas optimal hutan pada suatu daerah aliran sungai (DAS) di Pulau
Jawa. Studi ini menggabungkan
metoda AHP dan Goal Programming dalam mencari solusi yang optimal dalam tata
guna lahan. Dari pengelolaan DAS yang memiliki berbagai tujuan yakni :
teraturnya tata air berkurangnya erosi tingginya produksi pertanian, perkebunan
dan kayu, stakeholders (pemangku kepentingan) menganggap tertarurnya tata air
merupakan tujuan terpenting. Studi kasus yang dilakukan di DAS Citanduy ini
menunjukan bahwa berbagai alternatif tataguna lahan dapat dibankitkan salah satu
alternatif menghasilkan luas penutupan hutan (meliputi Hutan Negara) sebesar
20.7% atau 5% lebih luas dari tata guna saat ini. Tingkat erosi menurun
sebesar 20,7% dan limpasan air permukaan turun 15%. Tingkat erosi dan limpasan
air ini masih jauh diatas ambang batas toleransi.
Kata kunci : DAS, goal programing
49.
Hendro Prahasto &
Siti Isfianti
Jurnal
Sosial Ekonomi Vol. 2 No. 1 (200 1) pp. 31 - 51
Lelang merupakan institusi pasar yang mempertemukan
penjual dan pembeli pada saat dan tempat tertentu dengan cara pembentukan harga
yang kompetilif Lelang kayu telah lama dilakukan oleh PT. Perhutani, sedangkan
belong kayu yang berasal dari luar Jawa masih terbatas pada kayu-kayu yang
bersifat ilegal. Dalam proses
lelang kayu ilegal melibatkan banyak instansi sehingga menimbulkan biaya
transaksi yang cukup besar. Dengan
demikian harga lelang yang terbentuk menjadi rendah sehingga tujuan diadakan
lelang kayu tidak tercapai sepenuhnya. Pelaksanaan lelang HPH lebih didorong
karena adanya desakan dari International Monetary Fund (IMF) kepada Pemerintah
Indonesia yang tertuang dalam Letter of Intens (LoI). Dalam prakteknya sistem lelang HPH mempunyai banyak kelemahan karena
terbatasnya informasi yang
Dimuat
dalam dokumen lelang dan lemahnya sistem penyelenggaraan lelang. Harga dasar
lelang hanya ditetapkan berdasarkan pada nilai kayu saja, dimana nilai tersebut
hanya merupakan sebagian kecil dari seluruh nilai aset lain sumberdaya hutan.
Dalam seumberdaya hutan masih terkandung nilai aset lain yang jauh lebih besar
seperti hasil hutan non-kayu, keaneka ragaman
hayati, jasa lingkungan, fungsi konservasi dan lainnya. Selain itu jangka
waktu pengusahaan HPH cukup panjang sehingga memiliki unsur ketidakpastian yang
tinggi sehingga terjadi under valued atas harga lelang HPH tersebut. Lelang HPH
juga tidak akan efisien ditinjau dari aspek manajeman dan pemerintah negara.
Lelang yang masih memungkinkan
selain lelang kayu adalah lelang tagakan pada blok-blok tebang. Besarnya nilai
areal blok tebang sangat ditentukan oleh tinggi rendahnya potensi tegakan dan
banyak sedikitnya jenis kayu yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi.
Kata kunci : kebijakan, lelang, nilai tegakan dan nilai
kayu.
BATAS TOLERANSI
BIBIT GMELINA (Gmelina arborea Roxb.)
DAN MAHONI (Swietenia macrophylla King) TERHADAP KANDUNGAN GARAM PADA AIR
PENYIRAMAN (Tolerate limitation of gmelina (Gmelina arborea
Roxb.)
and mahoni (Swietenia
macrophylla King)
seedlings to salt concentration in water irrigation)
Buletin Penelitian Hutan, P3H&KA, No. 627, Tahun 2001
Summary
Nursery seedlings require continuous supply of
water for their growth and other physiological processes. Quality of
water used for irrigation may affect the growth and quality of the seedlings. The purpose
of the experiment is to investigate the tolerate limit of salt in water irrigation
for
gmelina
(Gmelina arborea Roxb) and mahogany (Swietenia
macrophylla King) seedlings.
The completely randomized block design was used in this experiment with
five replications. The treatments were water irrigation without salt (Aa), 500
ppm salt (A1) 1000 ppm salt (A2), 200O ppm salt (A3)
and 4000 ppm salt (A4).
The results showed that salt concentration in water irrigation affected
the growth, morphological quality and survival percentage of gmelina seedlings,
but only affected the height growth of mahogany either in the greenhouse or in
the nursery. The growth, morphological quality and survival percentage of
gmelina seedlings decreased with increasing salt content in water irrigation.
The tolerable salt content in water for irrigating of gmelina seedlings in the
greenhouse was 500 ppm or less, whereas for watering of gmelina seedlings in the
nursery was 1000 ppm or less. The
tolerable salt content in water for irrigation of mahogany seedlings in the
greenhouse or nursery with 30% shading intensity was 2000 ppm or less.
Keywords
:
gmelina,
mahogany, salt, irrigation
Kata kunci
: gmelina, mahoni, garam, penyiraman
PENGARUH
OLAH TANAH MINIMUM DAN PEMUPUKAN TERHADAP PERSEN JADI DAN RIAP RATAAN TAHUNAN
TANAMAN Gmelina arborea Roxb. DI HUTAN SEKUNDER (Effects
of minimum image and fertilization on the survival and mean annual increment of
Gmelina arborea Roxb. plantation in secondary forest)
Buletin
Penelitian Hutan, Puslitbang Hutan & KA, No. 625 Tahun 2001, pp 31
Summary
Site
preparation for Gmelina arborea Roxb. plantation in unproductive secondary
forest area was not permitted by slash and burn system since 1995.
Alternaive of land clearing system by minimum tillage and application of
fertilizer will be investigated in this experiment.
A
split-plot design was chosen with site preparation as a main plot and
fertilization as a sub plot. Each
treatment combination consisted of 10 plants and replicated 5 times.
Results
indicated that mechanical land clearing system by using bulldozer was more
beneficial than slash and burn system or strip system, based on its mean annual
volume increment. number of branches and the fire risk G. arborea species grew
slowly in Muara Duo, North Lampung which the soil has relatively low macro
nutrient content and shallow soil depth. Fertilization with urea or KCL
fertilizer was less effective when the soil in dry condition.
It was recommended to take care the G. arborea plants by thinning,
mulching and fertilizing to increase the annual volume increment
Keywords
:
G. arborea site preparation, minimum tillage, fertilization
Kata
kunci : G. arborea, persiapan lahan, olah tanah minimum, pemupukan
52.
Hendromono, Ari Wibowo, Ign. Purwanto dan Durahim
PENYIAPAN LAHAN TANPA BAKAR UNTUK TANAMAN
MAHONI DI AREAL YANG DIDOMINASI ALANG-ALANG (Land
Preparation without Burning for Mahoni Plantation in Alang-alang Dominated Area)
Buletin
Penelitian Hutan, P3H&KA, No. 629, Tahun 2001
Summary
A study of land preparation system and initial
fertilization was carried out in alang-alang dominated area of Way Hanakau
industrial timber plantation. The purpose of the research is to investigate the
optimum land preparation system and fertilization of mahogany plantation in
alang-alang dominated area.
A split-plot design was applied for seven systems
of land preparation, namely: without land preparation (Control), manual with
strip small heap, manual with mulch, manual and dump for compost, mechanical
land clearing, mechanical and once plowing, mechanical and twice plowing; and
three fertilizations, namely : without fertilization, 1.5 litre of compost per
plant and 75 g NPK fertilizer per plant. Each treatment combination consisted of 50 mahogany young
plants and replicated three times.
The results showed that land preparation treatment
significantly affected mahogany plant growth and survival, whereas initial
fertilization did not affect both parameters. There suitable land
preparation of mahogany plant in alang-alang dominated area is mechanical land
preparation and once plowing. This
system may increase the height and diameter growth and reduce plant mortality
after one year in the field. It also reduce alang-alang development, saving time
and worker but more expensive than manual system.
Keywords : land
preparation, fertilization, mahogany
Kata
kunci : penyiapan lahan, pemupukan, mahoni
53.
Henry
Silka lnnah, Edy Rosariyanto, Hugo Yoteni and Henk van Mastrigt, 2001
KERAGAMAN
JENIS KUPU-KUPU SIANG DI YONGSU, CAGAR ALAM PEGUNUNGAN CYCLOPS BAGIAN UTARA,
IRIAN JAYA (Diversity of Day-Butterfly
at Yongsu, North Cyclops Mountain Natural Reserve, Irian Jaya)
Buletin
Penelitian BPK Manokwari, Vol. 6 No.1 Tahun. 2001, pp 33
Summary
Sixty
six species of day-butterflies were collected fom 23rd to 29th August, 2000 in
different habitat at Yongsu and Yemang, Cyclops Mountain Natural Reserve Irian
Jaya, using the following collecting methods : sweeping of butterflies in
observation sites during daytime. The results of this study indicate that eight
families with 66 (sixty-six) species i.e. Papilionidae (7 species), Pieridae (6
species), Donaldae (6 species). Nymphalidae
(18 species), Amathuiidae (4 species), Satyridae (10 species), Lycaenidae (14
species). Riodinidae (1 species),
and 1 new species was recorded from Cyclops is Elymnias paradoxa (Satyridae).
Keywords
: Day-butterfly, diversity, Cyclops Mountain Natural Reserve
54. Herman Daryono
dan Rusmana
UJICOBA PENANAMAN JENIS Eucalyptus urograndis ASAL KULTUR JARINGAN DI BANJARBARU KALIMANTAN
SELATAN ( Planting trial of Eucalyptus
urograndis derived from tissue cultureat Banjarbaru South Kalimantan)
Buletin Teknologi BTR Banjarbaru No.7 hal 1-10 Th 2001
Successful plantation establishment on degraded land depend on selection of
proper tree species characterized by ecologically, economically and socially
feasible. The most essential thing
to achieve plantation with has high quality and productivity are improved
propagules and proper silvicultural operations.
Eucalyptus urograndis
seedlings derived from in-vitro culture of five clones,
i.e. A(1821), B(1814), C(1820), D(1840) and E(1841) were planted on the
associated lathosol and yellowish red podsolic soil type wich has poor soil
nutrition at silviculture laboratory area at Banjarbaru.
The site was prepared mechanically by a tractor.
The seedling of 3 months old was planted at the distance of 3 x 3 m and
fertilized with NPK (15:15:15) 100 gr for each seedling one month after
planting.
The seedling was evaluated for survival and growth at the age of 1, 3, 5, 7
and 12 months after planting. At
the age of 12 months the survival rate of all clones were high (95-100%).
The mean diameter and height growth of all clones was 3.3 m and 5.4 cm
respectively. In term of diameter
and height growth, the best clone was E (1841) with the 5.4 cm diameter and 3.4
m height.
Keywords
: Eucalyptus
urograndis, clones, tissue-culture, growth, Banjarbaru
55.
Herman
Remetwa and Totok Mei Untarto, 2001
POLA TATA RUANG DAN ZONASI KAWASAN
HUTAN DALAM RANGKA MENDUKUNG KAPET BIAK (Land
Use and Forest Zoning in Supporting Integrated Economic Development Zone (KAPET)
Biak)
Buletin
Penelitian BPK Manokwari, Vol. 6 No.1 Tahun. 2001, pp 23
Summary
Research
on review of forest land use planning had been conducted at some conservation
area in Biak Island. The research objective are to find data and information
that can be used in reconstruction of land use planning by reviewing zoning and
forest function. Systematic strip
sampling is used for collecting data of vegetation and semi-structured interview
is used for collecting data of social economic condition. Research result showed that some conservation areas in Biak
are not legitimed yet. The
condition of forest in the Protection forest is mainly still good. The local people mostly manage conservation area that located
nearby village and resettlement for agriculture lend (shifting cultivation) and
fuel wood. In this case the
government need to preserve and legitimate such area as agriculture lard because
mostly people in Biak is farmer. In
order to face future development, especially in supporting Integrated Economic
Development Zone (IEDZ) of Biak, land use planning in this area could be
formulated as follows : (a) production forest and limited production forest are
recommended to be changed as conservation area and area for other purpose, (b)
in the border, line of protection/conservation forest and in the road border are
recommended to be preserved as limited area for agricutultural land. The
conservation area that is overlapping with IEDZ area could be freed according to
the development necessity, In formulating of zonation and planning of land use
in Biak it should conder, the local people involvement in order to run away from
conflict in the future.
Keywords
: land use planning, zoning, forest utilization, conservation area, integrated,
Economic Development Zone (IEDZ)
56.
Hero Dien P. Kartiko, Danu, Wasis Suwoyo, Keri P.
Nugroho
MEMBUAT
BIBIT TANAMAN LANGKA: RAMIN 1Gonystylusbancanus(Miq.)Kurzl, MELALUI STEK (Production
of planting materials Of endangered species
: ramin (Gonystylus bancanus (Miq.) Kurz), by means of cuttings)
Tek. Perbenihan (Seed
Tech. Bull.) Vol. 8, NO. 1, 2001
hal 41-47
Summary
Cuttings of ramin (Gonyslylus bancanus (Miq.) Kurz) can be
produced from shoots (containing apical buds) that were collected from
8-year-old trees. After nine months
in rooting chamber, percentages of survived cuttings and rooted cuttings were
40-48%, respectively, and root length was 2,9-6.4 cm. Although application of
growth substances + fungicide did not affect these characters, it apparently
increased the amount of roots and the amount of cuttings that were free from
fungal infestation.
Increase of rooting percentage appears to be possible by improving watering methods and hygienic conditions of the surrounding rooting chamber
Keywords
: ramin (Gonystylus bancanus (Miq.) Kum), cuttings
Kata kunci : ramin (Gonystylus bancanus (Miq.) Kurz), stek
PENGUMPULAN DAN PENGOLAHAN LEPAS PANEN BENIH
TANAMAN HUTAN (Field Collection and Post-Harvest Treatments of Forest Tree
Planting Materials)
Tekno Benih Vol. VI No.1 hal
7-14 Th 2001
Application of proper procedure in field
collection and post-harvest treatments Of planting materials is a substantial
matter for supporting establishment of productive planted forests.
With desiccation tolerant or orthodox seeds,
treatments required for preserving their viability comprise: reduction of their
moisture content up to 5-8%, and storing them in cool (i.e. 18 or 40C)
and dry place. With desiccation
intolerant or recalcitrant seeds, however, seed drying is not appropriate.
The seeds have to be sown immediately after harvest.
If this is not possible, temporary, storage can be done by placing them
in polyethylene bags under temperature of 180C.
For vegetative propagated materials, points to be
considered include: goals to be achieved, physiological and chronological age,
and genetic stability of the materials. To
avoid long-term failure with the use of vegetative materials, it appears
compulsory to carry out limited field trials prior to a large-scale deployment
of the materials for establishment of planted forests.
Keywords
: field collection, post harvest treatments, planting materials, forest
tree
Kata kunci :
58.
Hunggul Yudono
SHN & Gunardio Tjakrawarsa
DAMPAK KEGIATAN PERTAMBANGAN EMAS RAKYAT DI AREAL KERJA
PT. INHUTANI I SATUAN WILAYAH
SULAWESI UTARA (The Impact of Traditional Gold Mining Activity in The
Concession Area of PT. INHUTANI I,
Sulawesi Utara Area Unit)
Buletin Teknologi Pengelolaan DAS hal 23-47 th 2001
Started from 1994, Ministry of Forestry gave authority to
PT INHUTANI I to manage after logging forest area of PT Bina Wana Sejahtera of
131.000 ha. The problems to be
faced were the existence of illegal traditional gold mining activity
(underground mining) inside of forest concession which was predicted causing
environment quality degradation.
This study aimed to., 1) identify positive and negative
impact of the gold mining activity on the existence of PT.
INHUTANI I related to asset and management system, on the bio-physical
condition of the forest area, and on the socio-economical condition of community
surrounding forest area, 2) propose problem solving attematives.
The method of the study was survey and field observation
in order to collect primary and secondary data consisting of bio-physical, and
socio-economical data.
Based on impact analysis, illegal mining in PT. INHUTANI II concession area caused both negative and positive
impact Due to the impact lasting period, and the area affected, impacts of
traditional underground mining were considered as non-important impact.
The management impact proposed were limitation of mining area, growth
centre management, law enforcement, and activating extension activity
periodically.
Keywords : traditional mining, impact analysis, impact
management
59.
Hunggul Yudono
SHN, La Ode Asir
KAJIAN EROSI DAN LIMPASAN PERMUKAAN PADA JALAN HUTAN DI
AREAL KERJA PT. INHUTANI I SATUAN
WILAYAH MAROS DAN TANA TORAJA (The Study
of Erosion and Surface Run Off on Forest Road in Concession Area of PT. INHUTANI
1, Maros and Tana Toraja Unit Area)
Buletin Teknologi Pengelolaan DAS UP NO.
7 hal 12-28, 2001
Summary
This study was carried out by BTPDAS Ujung Pandang in cooperation with PT. INHUTANI I, Sulawesi Selatan for one year in 1998. The observation sites in production forest area of Camba, Maros District and Mangkendek, Tana Toraja Regency, were established to investigate the impact of forest road design and construction on surface runoff and erosion and to examine types of road design in order to find the cheapest cost road design with lowest impact on environment in terms of erosion and surface runoff. The study was pointed on four types of road design in PT. INHUTANI I forest area, respectively : partially paved on wheel position with miscellaneous broken stones (J I), fully paved with gravel (J II), full paved with miscellaneous broken stones (J III), road with no pavement (J IV).
To meet with the objectives of production forest
management, in arranging forest road design there should be minimally three
considerations i.e : endurance, cost, and its impact on environment
The result of the study showed that related to
its endurance, construction cost, and erosion impact, road with gravel paving
was the best road type compared with the others.
Keywords : forest road design, endurance, construction cost, erosion
PENCANTATAN SERANGAN HAMA KUTU DAUN PADA TANAMAN KEMIRI
(ALEURITES MOLLUCANA WILD.) DI PULAU ALOR. PROPINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR. (An
observation on the attack of leaf
flea pest on candlenut (Aleurites mollucana Wild) plantation in Alor distric,
East Nusa Tenggara Province)
Buletin
Penelitian BPK Kupang, Vol. 5 No. 1 Tahun 2001, pp 35
Summary
The
study was aimed to determine the leaf flea pest attacking candlenut (Aleurites
mollucana Wild) plantation in Alor district.
East Nusa Tenggara Province. An
observation was also intended to give suggestion on controlling and reducing the
leaf pest invation.
The leaf
flea pet was determined by collecting the species in the field and identifying
it in the laboratory. The
population and the mean intensity of attacking were counted at 10 percent of
sampling trees.
Field
observation found that the leaf flea pest attacking on candlenut was known as
Aphis craccivora. This species
cause damage the leaves. Damage
make the leaves become dry up and die off so that fall of leaf . The percentage
of damaging to the candlenut reached 12,24 - 53. 42 percents.
There was bio-ht and harm full to the growth of candlenut.
The pest has been attacking highly at Adang.
Otvai and South Alila Villages.
The
practical ways for preventing and controlling the pest invation one suggested by
removing the infected trees or house pest trees , establishing of polyculture
plantation using the insecticides, and the using of parasits such as Coccinella
sp.
Keywords
: leaf flea pest, damage, host pest trees, parasites
61.
I. Komang Surata, Maman Mansyur Idris.
Tri
Pamungkas Y. dan/and Choirul Akhmad
EKSPLORASI BENIH AMPUPU (EUCALYPUS, UROPHYLLA) DI PULAU
LOMBLEN DAN PANTAR PROPINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR (Seed
exploration of Eucalyptus urophylla in Lomblen and Pantar islands.
East Nusa Tenggara Province)
Buletin
Penelitian BPK Kupang, Vol. 5 No. 1 Tahun 2001, pp 1
Summary
Seed
exploration of the Eucalyptus urophylla were conducted in natural distribution
area in Lomblen and Pantar Islands, East Nusa Tenggara Province.
Collection were made as the genetic data base for the breeding and seed
orchard programs aimed at the improvement of Yield and quality of Eucalyptus
urophylla wood The tree selection follows the visual system.
Tree selection is planed by appling the mother tree system but due to the
field conditions (very uneven stands) this system could not he applied.
In this connection it has been made to choose a tree within the
provenance. The desirable
characteristics recorded are as follow : tree number, altitude, height, diameter
at breaths height, stem sttightness and branch diameter.
The
result of the seed exploration showed that the mature seed collection of E.
Urophylla could be done from Juni - July in Lomblen and Pantar islands. Number of 180 seed lots were successfully collected from 9
provenances Lomblen was represented by: Ille Kerbau, Lewokukung (Ille Kerbau
Mountains). Puor (Labalekang
Mountains), Jontana, Bunga Muda (Ile Ape Mountains), While Pantar was
represented by Mauta Delaki (Sirung Mountains). Lalapang (Pintu Mas Mountains), Beangonong (Wasbila
Mountains). The main populations of
E. urophylla occur on the mountains on the elevation 500 - 1650 m above see
level. The stands surrounding the
Puor (Loniblen island) is the best stand. On the other hand, the seed from Mauta
was the best in term of germination percentage and production seed/tree.
Keywords : natural distribution, seed exploration, genetic data base, yield and quality
62.
IB.
P. Parthama and L. A. Leefers
MULTI-PERIOD
HARVEST SCHEDULING WITH NON-DETERMINISTIC
YIELD PREDICTIONS
Chance-constrained
programming (CCP) is a technique for incorporating random or risk-based inputs
into an optimization model. Unlike
past efforts, this paper applies multi-period CCP to a harvest-scheduling
problem. Specifically, it is
applied to a teak forest district which is managed to maximize total net present
value while maintaining a relatively stable harvest flow over time.
The random inputs are limited to yield variability due to temporal and
spatial aggregations. For comparison purposes a linear programming (LP) model is
first solved. The nonlinear CCP
model is then solved. Incorporating
yield variability with a strict non-declining even-flow condition is infeasible
in this case. The feasible model,
which permits specified declines in periodic harvest volumes, leads to a higher
total net present value but results in a less smooth harvest flow as compared to
the output of the LP counterpart of the model.
With some refinements (e.g., less aggregation, incorporating other
non-deterministic elements), the approach is recommended for management of
large-scale forest plantations in Indonesia.
Keywords
: harvest scheduling, risk,
chance-constrained programming, nonlinear programming, teak forest plantations.
63.
Ign. Purwanto
dan Yelin Adalina
PREDIKSI KEBUTUHAN
UNSUR HARA PADA LAHAN HUTAN TANAMAN Paraserianthes
falcataria (Prediction
of nutrients requirement of Paraserianthes
falcataria forest plantation)
Buletin
Penelitian Hutan, P3H&KA, No. 627, Tahun 2001
Plantation forest programme now a days becoming important
in order fulfill the increasing
demand of raw material for wood industry.
So plant for usually being managed
intensively using monoculture
of fast growing forest tree species with high density of trees. An example of the fast growing
forest tree species is
P. falcataria which were widely planted even trough farmer as social forestry
of forest managers in their forest land areas.
While the trees growing fastly, it is predicted
that the absorption of nutrient from the soil of forest
plantation land will occur in considerable rate too.
How fit
they are, the forest plantation managers should precisely know in order to maintain their forest land
productivity.
This investigation was conducted to get some solution for the quaetion above, i.e : to
predict the rate
of soil nutrient uptake by P. falcataria forest stands
as a type of the fast growing trees species.
The result
showed that types and quantities from the soil absorbed by P. falcataria stands (of woodstem part) until the first brances, of 11,9 - 14,3
cm stem diameter classes, were : potassium (310.19 kg), nitrogen (256.75 kg), calcium
(206.69 kg), phosphorus (24.87 kg)
and sulphur (5.22 kg) per hectare
of forest plantation land of 4 x 4 m spacing.
If whole
parts of P.
falcataria trees foliage were leaved the field in clear cutting activities at the above growing stage, the
soil would receive forest litter bearing nutrients equivalent to 142,63 kg K,
72,04 kg Ca, 49,05 kg N, 8, 10 kg P and 2,465 kg S.
The P. falcataria forest litter (leaves) will
also give benefit effect on the soil reaction caused by the neutral level of its
pH value, (of : pH 7,19) in contrary Pinus merkusii litter having value pH 4,14
that caused the soil acidity.
It is concluded that for P.falcataria forest
plantation the longest amount of nutrients need nutrients for their growth were
: potassium (K), followed by nitrogen (N) and then calcium (Ca). Quite different
to agricultural crops, phosphoris (P) nutrients were found less important for P.
falcataria species.
It is suggested that the forest
plantation managers, who choice this tree species for their forest land concessionaires, apply fertilizers or manure minimally in the following dosages;
158 kg K, 107 kg N, 134 kg Ca and 16 kg P per hectare land area after clear
cutting if whole foliage parts of the tree leaved on the forest land as a
litter.
STUDI
POTENSI PENGEMBANGAN HUTAN RAKYAT JATI DI KABUPATEN BANTAENG, SULAWESI SELATAN (Study Of Social Teak Forest Potencial and Development in
Bantaeng Regency, Sulawesi Selatan)
Buletin Teknologi Pengelolaan DAS UP hal 27-46 Th 2001
Summary
South Sulawesi has wide spread enough community forest
area. it cover up to 95,594.66 Ha area and spread over 20 districts (BRLKT Wil.
IX, 1996). There is also
critical land of 896,218.2 Ha which is potential for developing community
forest. on the other side market demand of leak wood from private teak forest is
high.
The aim of this research are to know private teak forest
potential, farmer income, strength and weakness of private teak forest
development.
Measurement of stand dimension was done to know potention
and condition of private teak forest. PSSEKI
method is used to get identity of private teak forest owner via questioner.
The analysis of dates include stand potention estimation, farmer income
and determination of strength, weakness, oppotunity and threat
The result showed that private teak forest potention
average is 168.53 m3/ha. The farmer
income from 0.25-0.5 ha land ownership was Rp.40,451.67/year. The strength
elements of social teak forest development were teak forest potention and
general climate condition. The weakness were no Maintenance, forest location
spreading, and away from the community, the low price of teak wood, market
system, no institusion participation and low income. The oppoitunity elements were goverment policy which
supported the development of private forest and good teak wood local market
opportunity. The threat were : a
lot of parasite (Fam. Loranthaceae)
and wild grass.
Keywords
: social teak forest, stand potention, development
65. Jasni, Osly Rachman dan Jamaludin Malik
Buletin
Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol. 19 No. 3, Tahun 2001
Summary
Conversion factor is a value representing the
conversion in rattan processing. The
convert mainly happened on physical properties such as moisture content and
specific gravity. They convert volume and weight. That conversion factor is
important to be determined accurately, because it will affect production cost
and forest product's fee paid by rattan producer.
Four species of a large and small diameter rattan
were studied i.e. Seuti (Calamus ornatus BI.), Bubuay (Plectocomia clongata BI.)
Seel (Daemonorops melanochaetes Becc) and Pelah (Daemonorops rubra Bl.). The
conversion factor was counted on the basic of weight and volume decreas.
The results indicated that conversion factor of
large rattan from fresh rattan to polished are 35.6 - 41.2 % by weight and 68.5
- 83.0 % by volume. Conversion
factor of small rattan that processed until splitting are 28.5 - 25.1 % skin and
7.3 - 9.8 % by core weight.
Keywords
: rattan, processing, conversion
factor
Ringkasan
Faktor konversi rotan merupakan nilai yang menyatakan besarnya perubahan
yang terjadi pada bahan rotan dalam proses pengolahan rotan. Perubahan tersebut
terutama terjadi pada sifat-sifat fisis, yaitu kadar air dan berat jenis,
sehingga terjadi perubahan volume dan berat. Faktor konversi perlu dihitung
secara akurat karena akan berpengaruh kepada besarnya biaya produksi dalam
pengolahan dan iuran/pajak hasil hutan yang harus dibayar produsen rotan.
Penentuan faktor konversi ini dilakukan terhadap empat jenis rotan yang
terdiri dari dua jenis rotan besar, yaitu rotan Seuti (Calamus ornatus Bl.) dan Bubuay (Plectocomia elongata Bl), serta, dua jenis rotan kecil yaitu rotan
Seel (Daemonorops melanochaetes Becc.)
dan Pelah (Daemonorops rubra B].). Faktor konversi dihitung berdasarkan
perubahan berat dan volume.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor konversi rotan besar berdasarkan
berat dari tahap rotan segar sampai rotan setengah jadi (polis halus) adalah
35,6 - 41,2% dan berdasarkan volume adalah 68,5 - 83,0%. Untuk kedua jenis
rotan kecil, faktor konversi sampai pembelahan adalah kulit 28,5 - 25,8% dan
hati 7,3 - 9,8% atas dasar berat.
Kata kunci : rotan, pengolahan, faktor konversi
66.
K. Ginoga, O. Cacho, Erwidodo M. Lugina, and D.
Djaenudin
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF COMMON AGROFORESTRY
SYSTEMS IN SOUTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA : IMPLICATIONS
FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION SERVICES
University of New England,
Armidale, This paper presents an analysis of the performance of four
agroforestry systems in the southern part of Sumatra (Jambi and Lampung). The
systems analyzed are rubber agroforests, cinnamon multicropping, oil palm
monoculture and damar agroforests. These systems span the range from monoculture
to complex agroforest and hence provide a useful overview of potential benefits
and costs. Using a combination of modelling and data from various sources the
paper shows that all four agroforestry systems are financially and economically
attractive at a discount rate of 16 percent. The relative performance of each
system in terms of social and environmental benefits is discussed at a general
level, as well as their potential as tools for carbon sequestration.
Implications of results are discussed in the context of the Clean Development
Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, particularly regarding the problems of
additionality, permanence and baselines.
Keywords
: agroforestry, clean development mechanism, carbon sequestration, Sumatra,
Indonesia, economic analysis
67.
Karyono dan Hariyatno, 2001
PELUANG
DAN TANTANGAN PEMASARAN KAYU MINDI (Melia azedaracit L.) : Studi Kasus di
Bogor Jawa Barat
Info
Sosial Ekonomi, Vol. 2, No. 2, Tahun 2001, pp 77-86
RINGKASAN
Peluang
pemasaran kayu mindi (Melia azedarach L.) baik di dalam negeri maupun ke luar
negeri seperti ke Jepang, Belanda dan Amerika Serikat semakin terbuka. Peluang
tersebut didukung oleh semakin meningkatnya tingkat permintaan dari industri
pengolahan kayu mindi di Indonesia terutama di kawasan Jabotabek (Jakarta,
Bogor, Tangerang dan Bekasi), dan beberapa daerah di Jepara Propinsi Jawa
Tengah. Selain industri rumah
tangga masyarakat konsumen (RTK) juga telah memanfaatkan kayu mindi sebagai
bahan bangunan dan bahan baku mebeler. Kayu
mindi memiliki warna cerah seperti kayu karet atau Jati.
Serat kayunya halus, mudah untuk pengolahan. Mindi cocok sebagai bahan baku produksi hasil kayu katagori
small product (Meja Strika, Rak TV, Rak handuk). Mudah ditanam tidak memerlukan
pemeliharaan yang intensif, tahan terhadap serangan hama gerek dan hama pucuk
yang biasa terjadi pada kayu Sengon. Umur
5-10 tahun bisa dipanen, sebelum ditebang berfungsi sebagai pelindung tanarman
inti. Harga di pasaran mampu
bersaing dengan jenis kayu dari kebun rakyat misalnya dengan kayu Sengon dan
Durian).
Tantangan
bagi pelaku pasar kayu mindi yaitu ; ketersediaan kayu mindi secara kontinu
mengingat budidaya kayu mindi tidak dilakukan secara intensif oleh masyarakat.
Di
lain pihak instansi terkait (Kehutanan, Perhutani, Inhutani dan HPH) belum
melakukan penanaman secara intensif
Kata
kunci : Peluang, tantangan. pemasaran, minds.
STUDY PERBANDINGAN NILAI PRODUK JASA WISATA DAN KAYU PADA
HUTAN PRODUKSI DI JAWA BARAT (A
Comparative Study on Forest,
Recreation and wood values at Forest Production in West Java)
Jurnal
Sosial ekonomi, Vol. 2 No. 1 (200 1) pp. 71 – 78
Abstract
A forest produces both goods and services, The goods are
forest product, (wood) and non wood forest product. while services include clean
air, water supply, and recreation. The
value of the goods is appreciated by its price in the market, whereas recreation
value can be estimated by a willingness to pay because of no market for it.
The research found that the value of recreation forest managed by PT
Perhulani Ill, West Java (Rp. 819,000/ha) is higher than the value of its wood
(Rp. 85, 000/ha) in 1997. Other
advantages of recreation forest are environmental friendly (non destructive to
environment) and positive impact on social economic for local people.
Keywords :
comparative study, forest product
value and recreation forest value, and production forest
69.
Karyono,
Rachman Efendi dan Sabarudi, 2001
DESENTRALISASI RETRIBUSI HUTAN WISATA SALAH SATU
PENDAPATAN DALAM PELAKSANAAN OTONOMI DAERAH
Info
Sosial Ekonomi, Vol. 2, No. 2, Tahun 2001, pp 97-101
Ringkasan
Desentralisasi fiskal adalah untuk merestrukturisasi
hubungan antara pusat dan daerah, dari pola lama yang sentralistik ke pola baru
yang desentralistik. Pajak Daerah
dan Retribusi Daerah merupakan sumber pendapatan asli daerah (PAD).
Pengusahaan hutan wisata merupakan salah satu wajib pajak (PBB) dan wajib
retribusi. Jumlah retribusi yang dipungut oleh Pemerintah Daerah Bogor misalnya,
sebesar Rp. 29.068.800,- sedangkan PBB dari seluruh kawasan hutan produksi
termasuk wana wisata Rp. 1,4 milyar (September 2001).
Retribusi sebagai sumber pendapatan asli daerah (RAD) selanjutnya
digunakan untuk membiayai pelaksanaan pemerintahan, pembangunan dan pelayanan
masyarakat.
Kata kunci: Desentralisasi, retribusi, hutan wisata, PAD
DAMPAK
KRISIS EKONOMI TERHADAP KONDISI HUTAN DAN MASYARAKAT SEKITAR HUTAN: Kasus di
Hutan Produksi Sumatera Selatan (The Impacts of
Economic Crisis on Forest and Villagers at
the Forest Frontier: A Case
in South Sumatera Production Forest)
Jurnal
Sosial Ekonomi, Vol : 2 No.1 (2001) pp. 15 -
30
Economic crisis had serious impacts on the forestry sector
in the province of south Sumatera, despite its share to the provincial Gross
Domestic Product remained the same. During the crisis, from positive 50 per cent
to negative 13.5 per cent and 41.5 per cent of the forestry workforce lost their
job.
For farmers in the forest frontier, it is found that income from the
most profitable planting pattern i.e. karet . karet and padi has
reduced 27 per cent economically and 9.5 per centrinancially during the
crisis. If the subsistence necessary level of sayogyo is used, it shows that
this amountis far from meeting the
level. Therefore it is not
surprising to see that many villagers had an additional income from many sources
including "illegal " logging (membalok) and estate labour.
The source of illegal cutting is from the production forest with merawan,
merbau, and pulai as the main wood collected.
The plantation forests belonged to the forest concessions were not
disturbed because of their clear status and owner, despite their harvestable
age.
These
results have a number of policy implications : (i) the economic crisis and
reform are expected to become a "blessing in disguise" for government
to improve current policies regarding forest management, community, and other
involved institution (ii) the
perceived status of forest estate needs to be addressed in both legal and social
contexts to prevent further over-exploitation and (iii) there is a needs for
community education regarding rubber plantation, forest fire protection and law.
Keywords
: economic crisis, forest management, villagers at the forest frontier, illegal
logging
DESKRIPSI EMPAT JENIS POHON UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN HUTAN
RAKYAT (Description of Four Tree Species
for Private Woodland Development)
Buletin Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Vol. 2, No. 1, Th. 2001
Ringkasan
Keberhasilan pengembangan hutan rakyat terutama ditentukan oleh kesesuaian
jenis pohon dengan kondisi lahan tempat pembudidayaannya. Untuk itu petani perlu
memiliki pengetahuan yang memadai mengenai kesesuaian jenis pohon yang akan
ditanam dengan kondisi lahan yang dimilikinya. Informasi ringkas mengenai empat
jenis pohon serbaguna disajikan dalam makalah ini, yaitu: Akasia (Acacia
auriculiformis), neem atau mimba (Azadirachta indica), cemara pantai (Casuarina equisetifolia), dan kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus). Keempat jenis pohon tersebut memiliki
kemampuan beradaptasi di berbagai kondisi tapak, cepat tumbuh, dan menghasilkan
berbagai produk, seperti kayu bakar berkualitas tinggi kayu pertukangan
berdiameter kecil dan pakan ternak. Selain itu, beberapa jenis di antaranya
dapat memperbaiki kondisi tanah, melalui kemampuannya mengikat nitrogen serta
produksi mulsa; ampas biji neem (setelah diekstraksi minyaknya) merupakan pupuk
yang mengandung hara tanaman beberapa kali lipat lebih banyak daripada pupuk
kandang. Kemampuannya tumbuh baik di tanah yang miskin hara, memungkinkan
pembudidayaannya tidak mengurangi lahan untuk tanaman pangan.
Kata kunci : hutan rakyat, Acacia auriculiformis, Azadirachta indica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Calliandra calothyrsus
A
well matching of planted tree species on their
planting sites ascertains the success of private woodland development.
Farmers have to possess adequate knowledge regarding the suitability of
selected tree species to the real condition of their own farmland.
Some information about four selected multipurpose tree species, namely
akasia (Acacia auriculiformis), neem or mimba (Azadirachta indica), cemara
pantai (Casuarina equisetifolia) and kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) are
presented in this paper. These
species have good adaptability to a wide range of site condition, fast growing,
and produce various products among others high quality fuel wood, small diameter
timber, and fodder. Besides, some
of them can improve soil condition by the ability to fix nitrogen and produce
mulch; neem cake (residue left after extracting oilfrom the seeds) is an
excellent fertilizer, because it is far richer in plant nutrients than manure.
Their ability to grow well on poor soils may allow their cultivation
without competing in using land for food crops.
Keywords
: private woodland, Acacia auriculiformis, Azadirachta indica, Casuarina
equisetifolia, Calliandra calothyrsus
PENDEKATAN PENILAIAN EKONOMI SUMBER DAYA KAWASAN
KONSERVASI (Approximation on Economic
Valuation in the Resources of Conservation Area)
Buletin Penelitian
dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Vol.2, No. 2, Th. 2001
Tata guna lahan di kawasan konservasi merupakan permasalahan ekonomi,
dimana semua keputusan tentang penggunaan lahan akan berakibat pada biaya dan
manfaat ekonomi. Di Indonesia dan negara-negara berkembang lainnya ada
kesalahpahaman tentang konsep kawasan konservasi. Mereka beranggapan bahwa kawasan konservasi adalah sebuah
"sumberdaya yang hilang". Tulisan ini mencoba untuk memberi gambaran
tentang nilai ekonomi kawasan konservasi. Pertama,
digambarkan apa yang dimaksud dengan nilai ekonomi kawasan konservasi dan
beberapa penelitian sebelumnya yang dilakukan di Indonesia, kemudian
menggambarkan unsur-unsur dari nilai ekonomi. Terakhir, tulisan ini mengulas
bagaimana menghitung nilai total ekonomi dari suatu kawasan konservasi. Secara
keseluruhan tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa penghitungan nilai total ekonomi
kawasan konservasi memerlukan dukungan penelitian-penelitian komprehensif yang
menyangkut aspek-aspek manajemen kawasan, yaitu perlindungan, pelestarian, dan
pemanfaatan. Tanpa adanya
penelitian-penelitian tersebut, maka pelaksanaan penghitungan nilai total
ekonomi tidak akan memberikan petunjuk atau indikasi seberapa besar sebenarnya
total nilai ekonomi dari kawasan konservasi.
Kata
kunci : kawasan konservasi, unsur- unsur dalam penilaian ekonomi, nilai
total ekonomi
The functional land
classification in conservation area is an economic problem that all decisions
about, utilizing will have consequences on costs and benefits. In Indonesia and
others development countries, there is a misperception about conservation area
concept. They argue that
conservation area is a "lost resource ". This paper tries to describe
about economic valuation in conservation area. First, we begin with a discussion of economic valuation in conservation
area and the prior study in Indonesia. Then,
we describe components in economic valuation.
Finally, we show how to approximate total economic valuation. Overall,
this paper shows that total economic valuation in conservation area needs
support from the other comprehensive researches.
They involved with management aspect area, such as protection,
conservation, and exploitation. Without them, total economic valuation could not give
guideline and indication on how much as a matter of fact economic value
conservation area is.
Key
words : conservation area, components in economic valuation, total economic
valuation
KEMUNGKINAN
IMPLEMENTASI PEMBATALAN HUTANG UNTUK KONSERVASI DI INDONESIA (Possibility of
debt for nature Swap Implementation in Indonesia)
Buletin Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Vol. 2, No. 2, Th. 2001
Kerusakan hutan di Indonesia sering dipercepat oleh proyek-proyek yang
dilaksanakan secara tidak hati-hati. Dan biasanya proyek-proyek ini dibiayai
oleh hutang luar negeri. Walaupun
tujuan utama dari pinjaman itu adalah untuk pembangunan ekonomi, namun tidak
sedikit yang berakibat pada eksploitasi sumber daya alam.
Pembatalan hutang untuk konservasi atau Debt for Nature Swap (DNS)
didefinisikan sebagai pembatalan utang luar negeri dimana negara debitur
memberikan komitmen untuk memobilisasi sumber keuangan domestik untuk kegiatan
konservasi. Tulisan ini mencoba untuk memberikan gambaran tentang DNS, dan
kemungkinan penerapannya di Indonesia. Dimulai dengan gambaran singkat tentang
sektor kehutanan di Indonesia, (kerusakan dan sumbangan hutan bagi negara),
kemudian utang luar negeri Indonesia, dan terakhir konsep mengenai DNS. Konsep
ini berisi beberapa contoh pengaplikasian DNS di negara lain, dan
langkah-langkah apa yang perlu diambil agar DNS dapat diterapkan di Indonesia.
Kata kunci : hutang, hutan, pembatalan hutang untuk konservasi
Deforestation in Indonesia is often accelerated by projects that they are not did with prudently. They are often funded by debt. Although debt aims to develop economic, it can get exploitation in, resource base. Cancellation debt for conservation or Debt for Nature Swap (DNS) is define as the cancellation of external debt in exchange for the debtor government's commitment to mobilize domestic resources (local currency or another asset) for an agreed purpose. This paper tries to describe about DNS, and whether DNS can apply in Indonesia. First, I describe about forest sector in Indonesia (deforestation and contribution to Indonesia), and then about external debt in Indonesia. And finally, I describe what the DNS concept is. It contains some applications in the other countries, and how DNS can apply in Indonesia.
Keywords : debt, forest, debt for nature swap
74.
Kurniawati Purwaka Putri dan Dida Syamsuwida
Abstract
This study was aim at assessing the effect of
different media, fertilizers, and rhizobium inaculum on the growth
characteristics of kihiang seedlings. In this regard. the cultivating trial of
the seedlings was conducted in the janglengan Village, Sukoharjo (East Java).
The media used for such cultivation consisted of two types, i.e. mixture of sand
and soil in equal (1 : 1) proportion by weight. The fertilizers were comprised
of the inorganic (N-P-K) and organic (animal manure) matters. Meanwhile, the
inoculum used was of the rhizobium. In
addition the seedling cultivation was also conducted without the used of
fertilizers as well as inoculum on the corresponding media. Five weeks
afterwards, growth characteristics were observed on the cultivated seedlings,
covering their survival and height growth. A completely randomized design, with
factorial pattern, was employed in this trial to help an analyze such
characteristics, The factors were media-fertilizers-inoculum (including the one
with neither fertilizers nor inoculum) was replicated three times.
The results showed that the implementation of soil-sand
media in combination with organic fertilizer turned out to be the best for the
growth of kihiang seedlings. Conversely, the use of rhizobium inoculum brought
out no significant effect as otherwise expected.
Keywords : Albizia procera seedlings,cultivating media fertilizers,rhizobium
75. Kurniawati Purwaka Putri dan Vulianti Bramasto
BUDIDAYA ANGSANA (PYerocarpus
indicus) SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF TANAMAN HUTAN KOTA
Tekno Benih Vol. VI No.1 hal 52-55 Th 2001
Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) dikenal
juga dengan narna kayu merah, merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman hutan yang
banyak diminati untuk ditanam sebagai pohon peneduh, pelindung dan penghias taman
kota atau hutan kota juga dapat berfungsi sebagai penahan abrasi di pantai.
Budidaya angsana tidaklah sulit baik dalam penanganan benih,
perkecarnbahan maupun pengernbang biakan vegetatifnya.
Agar kualitas lingkungan hidup lebih baik, maka informasi mengenai
budidaya angsana ini diharapkan dapat tersosialisasikan secara luas di
masyarakat.
Kata
kunci : Angsana, budidaya, penanganan benih, hutan
kota
Buletin Teknologi Pengelolaan DAS UP NO.
7 hal 29-40, 2001
Summary
This paper presents the results of study of the
former use skidding road impact on the erosion of a Forest Concessions in South
Sulawesi. This study done at Forest
Concessions Rante Mario Company in 2000, by aims : 1).
To know the influence of the former use skidding road on actual erosion.
2). To know the influence of the
former use skidding road on run off and soil structures. 3).
To find an effort to decrease the former use skidding road impact on
watershed environment.
These data were collected from four plots made on
skidding road left one year, two years, three years and four years after, with
the average a slopes between 30-45%.
The resufts of study showed that the actual
erosion on the skidding in the skidding road in 1st plot was 4
tons/ha/month 2nd,was 0,88 tons/ha/month, 3th was 0,48
tons/ha/month and 4th was 2,05 tons/ha/month.
This differences were caused by the existence of
natural vegetation and soil cover crop on the road, the other due to the
skidding road pressed by heavy machine in long period which influencing soil
structure. So in the rainy season
causing acceleration of run off and soil erosion rate.
Keywords : skidding road, vegetation, erosion rate, run off
77. Indah Novita Dewi, Sulistya Ekawati
Buletin Teknologi Pengelolaan DAS hal 1-14 th 2001
Summary
The developing of food reserves forest is an effort to increase food reserve
in the forest Besides food reserves forest which is introducted by the
government, village people in South Sulawesi had been doing some food reserves
forest principles, traditionally and self supporting, in their forest or field,
with varies kind of plants.
The purposes of the research was: to know about the using of food reserves
forest product There were two objects in this research.
The first, HCP I is a social forestry land with agroforestry system by
plants compositions of Gmelina, Rambutan, mays, bean etc., which is introduced
by the government. The second is HCP II, which is a traditional food reserves
forest that is composed by monoculture sago plants.
The research results were as follows : The average production of maize is
Rp. 393.333,- Vigna sinensis Rp. 300.000,- Cassava Rp. 286.875,- (HCP I) and
Sago Rp. 1. 797.080, (HCP II). The
leaves of Sago plants could be used as a roof.
Almost every house in Luwu area wear this kind of roof.
Every family could product 388 roofs per year or about Rp. 1.555.200,The
activity of HCP I contributed 28,3 % to farmer income while the HCP II
contribution to farmer income is 49,6%.
Generally, the HCP I product are for sale (53,2%) and for family food
reserve (46,8%). For Sago, almost all for sale (82,53%) and 17,36% for family
food reserve. Further handling is
still needed to increase the quality and quantity of food reserve.
Keywords :
food reserves forest, social forestry, agrotoresty, production, contribution
POTENSI DAN TEKNIK BUDIDAYA KEPUH (Stercaliafoetida Linn.) UNTUK PEMBANGUNAN HUTAN RAKYAT
(Potency and Cultivating Technique of Kepuh
(Sterculia foctida Linii.) for Farm Forest Developing)
Tekno Benih Vol.VI No.1 hal 15-22 Th 2001
Kepuh (Sterculia foetida Linn.) is ones of Indonesia
indogenous species which have good potential for cultivated especially as farm
forest plants. Kepuh is fast
growing and multi purpose species. As
timber, kepuh has not able to withstand contact with the soil or exposition to
the weather, but has been used for canoes, boats and containers, it might be
useful for paper pulp and good substitute for ramin (Gonystylus bancanus).
Some parts of plant (fruits, seeds, bark, etc.) could serve as medicine
materials. In order to increase of kepuh's productivity, required good seeds and
seedlings and improve of cultivating techniques.
Keywords :
Sterculia foetida Linn.,
cultivating, indogenous species, farm forest
Kata
kunci : Sterculia foetida Linn, budidaya, jenis asli, hutan rakyat
79.
M. Zanzibar dan Emma
Siskasari
ANALISIS
KEMUNDURAN KUALITAS BENIH Gmelina arborea Linn. BERDASARKAN UJI DAYA HANTAR
LISTRIK (Analysis on The Deterioration in Quality of Gmelina arborea Linn
Seeds. Base on Their Leachate Conductivity)
Buletin
Tek.
Perbenihan (Seed Tech. Bull.)
Vol 8, No. 1, 2001 hal. 76-85
Summary
Deterioration of seeds is
apparently eminent process and occur simultaneously until they finally turn to
non viable seeds. As the seeds deteriorate, their substrate can be leached out
in proportion to the degree of deterioration Measurement on how far the seed
undergo deterioration is beneficial. since in this way their quality while aging
can be determined.
The purpose of this research is
to investigate the effect of aging treatment on the quality (i e viability as
wellas vigours) of Gmelina arborea seeds. The
treatment was the aging duration in nine successive (i.e. 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15,
18, 21 and 24 days). As many on 25
seeds was allocated to each treatment (aging duration) which was replicated 4
times.
The viabilities/vigour observed
were germination capacity, dry weight of normal seed germinate, growth rate and
unisom.
Further evaluation on viabilities/vigour of the seeds was alsoconducted by performing was so called leachate conductivity test. This conductivity (x) was also measured at each of the 9 successive duration levels, and further analyzed for its possible correlation with such viability/vigour parameters (Y1) into several regression equations (Y1 = f(x)) with determination coeficient (R 2) as follow :
Germination Capacity; Y1 = 142,33 - 9,82 + 0,7X2 (R2 : 0,907)
Dry Weight of Normai Seeds Germinate; Y2 = 1,77- 0,11x + 0,0018X2 (R2: 0,830)
Growth Rate; Y3 = 6.22 - 0,43x + 0,0089x2 (R2: 0,916)
Growth Unisom; Y4 = 8,42 0,54x + 0,089 x2 (R2: 0,820)
It turned out that all the
correlation coeficients were significant (³ 80 %).
Consequently, the on line Y
regressi equations can be used to predict the viabilities/vigour of Consequenty,
the G. arborea seeds as well as the
extent of their deterioration by just measuring their leachate conductance.
Keywords
: seed quality deterioration, seed aging, seed viability, seed vigor,
lachate conductivity
Kata
kunci : kemundum kualitas benih, pengusangan benih, viabilitas benih,
vigor benih, daya hantar listrik
80.
M. Zanzibar, Dede J. Sudrajat dan Hari Pribadi R
PENGARUH
PERLAKUAN GAS C02, FUNCISIDA DAN BAKTERISIDA TERHADAP VIABILITAS DAN
PERTUMBUHAN MIKROBA PADA PENYIMPANAN BENIH Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nichen (Tire Effect of Treatment with C02, Fungicide
and Bactericide on The Viability and Microbe Growth Infecting Paraserianthes
falcataria (L) Nielsen Seeds During Their Storage)
Buletin Tek. Perbenihan (Seed
Tech. Bull.) Vol. 8, No. 1, 2001 hal 1-11
This trial investigate the effect of treatment i.e. using
CO2, fungicides (benomil 50% nad metalaksil 35%) and bactericide
(agrimycin; 15% streptomycine and 1,5% oxcytetracyline) on water content,
germination capacity, germination rate and microbe infection of P. falcataria
seeds during their storage (at 25 - 300 C, humidity of 80 - 9O%.).
The resulting data were evaluated statistically by completely randomized design.
The result of this trial showed that the seeds with not
treatment (control), with CO2, with fungicide and with bactericide
were not significantly different from one and another with respect to
germination characteristics. However,
significantly different different occurred to water content.
The dominant microbe in initial P. facataria seeds (before
storage) were Panicillium sp., Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. After storage the dominant microbe were Aspergillus sp. and bacteria.
Treatment of fungicide (benomil 50% and metalaksil 35%) and bactericide (agrimycin; 15% streptomycine and 1,5% oxytetracyline) are effective to reduce
the microbe infection on storage of P. falcataria seeds
Keywords :
P. falcataria seeds,germination seed storage
Kata
kunci : benih P. falcataria perkecambahan,
penyimpanan benih
81.
M.
Zanzibar. Buharinan dan Dede J.
Sudrajat
PENGARUH DOSIS
REGENT 50 SC DAN PERIODE PENYEMPROTANNYA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT
Paraserianthes falcataria (I.) Nielsen DAN Acacia mangium Wilid. (Assessing the Effect of the Varying Dosagses in the
Regent 50 SC and its Periodic Spraying on the Growth of Paraserianthes
faleataria (L) Nielsen and Acacia mangium Willd Seedlings)
Buletin
Tek.
Perbenihan (Seed Tech. Bull.)
Vol, 8, No. 1, 2001 hal 56-70
This trial deals with assessing dosages in the Regent 50
SC and its periodic spraying on the growth characteristics of the 3-manths old
Parasetnhes falcataria (L) Nielsen and Acacia mangium Willd seedlings.
The dosages were arranged in six levels. ie. consecutively 0-. 1-, 4.- 8-,
12-, and 16 ml of Regent 50 SC per liter of water.
Meanwhile, the spraying was conducted at the second and sixth week
periods. The growth characteristics as observed comprised survival percentage,
growth of height, total of dry weight, ratio of top to root portions of the
seedlings. A completely randomized design with factorial pattern was
assigned to help analyze such observe d characteristics.
The factor in the regard were the dosages of the Regent
50 SC (in six levels) and its periodic spraying (in to intervals).
Each of the treatment combinations between the dosages and the spraying
factors was replicated 4 times.
The results revealed that the spraying conducted at the
second week period was more in controlling the insect pest.
Further, the implementation of spraying with the Regent 50 SC could
increase the seedling survival, the growth of height, total dry weight and the
weight ratio of top to root portions of both P. falcataria and A. mangium
seedlings. With respect to P.
falcaataria the dosages of Regent 50 SC at 12- and 16-ml per liter of water
could increase the height (by 2- and 19-percent, respectively) and dry weight of
the biomass matters (by 42- and 46-percent, respectively); in all, compared to
the ones without such chemical agent (zero dosage of Regent 50 SC).
Meanwhile, the corresponding dosages implemented to the A. mangium
seedlings could increase their height (by 12 and 18-percent, respectively). Further, the increase in the dry weight of their biomass was
achieved at 16 ml dosage Regent 50 SC. In
practice, the early spraying using such 12- and 16-ml dosage brought out better
growth characteristics of both seedlings
Kata kunci
: P. faicataria, A. mangium, bibit, dosis, Regent 50 SC,
penyemprotan
Keywords
: P. faicataria, A. mangium, seedlings, dosage, Regent 50 SC,
spraying
APPLICATION
OF BASIC ALGEBRA OPERATIONS ON THEMATIC
MAPPER BANDS FOR DISCRIMINATING LAND COVERS
Forestry Research Journal Vol. 2, No. 2, 2001
Abstract
The study emphasized on
evaluating basic mathematical operations of Landsat TM digital data for
selecting appropriate band(s) which would provide high accuracy to discriminate
land covers. Finding of this study might be useful to monitor changes of
a complex forest covers such as forests in Indonesia.
Six bands of the Landsat TM data of the Barnebey Center in Southeast Ohio
and its vicinity were evaluated by using the IBM-PCIPS software on an IBM PC.
Based on values of Overlapping Land cover Index (OLI) and in-bound range
of Brightness Value of each band operation, band 1+4 was the best band operation
for discriminating land covers. Quality
of operations to enhance land cover appearance on the monitor were specific for
certain land covers.
Keywords : Remote Sensing, Landsat TM, land covers, digital analysis
83.
Maman
Turjaman dan Erdy Santoso
EFEKTIVITAS TABLET,
KAPSUL DAN SUSPENSI SPORA Pisolithus
arhizus CENDAWAN EKTOMIKORIZA PADA SEMAI Eucalyptus
pellita (Effectivity of tablet, capsul, and suspension of spores
of Pisolithus arhizus ectomycorrhizae
on Eucalyptus pellita seedlings)
Buletin
Penelitian Hutan, P3H&KA, No. 629, Tahun 2001
Research
has shown that ectomycorrhiza could increase growth and yield of trees.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi play an important role in both nutrient mobilization and
nutrient cycling therefore their presence are essential in pines, eucalypts and
dipterocarps regenerations.
The
aim of the experiment was to obtain the most effective Pisolithus arhizus
ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between Eucalyptus pellita and different types of
inoculant in nursery. Randomized Completely Design was used with 5 level of
types of spore carriers as treatment, that is control (non-inoculated), tablet,
capsul and suspension of spores, each level was replicated 5 times.
The
result revealed that inoculation of ectomycorrhiza fungi on E. pellita seedlings
could increase growth compared to those of controls as indicated by plant
heights, stem diameters, dry weights and percentage of infection.
The most suitable type of inoculant for E. Pellita seedling was spore
tablet.
RATIO ANALYSIS OF
LAND UTILIZATION ON EUCALYPTUS AND UPLAND RICE INTERCROPPING PATTERN
Forest Research Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2001
Abstract
The
ratio analysis of land utilization on Eucalyptus globulus (Degulpta), as the
main crop, and upland rice intercropping pattern was conducted at Jatimunggul
forest land, Indramayu District, West Java. The objective of the study was to
find out the correlation between the main crop and the secondary crop
productions to support the social forestry program. The study was conducted in
two periods of upland rice season
in 1998 and 1999. Data were collected from 4 intercropping, 4 monoculture
upland rice, and 4 monoculture Eucalyptus plots, with the area of 0.25 ha per
plot. The data covered Eucalyptus and upland rice productions. They were
analyzed with the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER). The analysis resulted LER value
of 1.68, meaning that the intercropping of upland rice and Eucalyptus can
increase the cumulative production compared to monoculture rice or monoculture
Eucalyptus production. The model of Eucalyptus and upland rice intercropping can
be developed further.
Keywords
: Eucalyptus globulus, upland rice, inter cropping, model
85.
Mariana
Takandjandji, Edy Sutrisno dan/and lda Rachmawati, 2001
PERTUMBUHAN
RUMPUT RAJA (Pennisetum Purpuphoides) DI BAWAH ‘TEGAKAN EucalyptusAlba PADA
SISTEM WANATANI DENGAN POLA SILVOPASTURE DI NTT (THE GROWTH OF KING GRASS
(Pennisetum Purpuphoides) UNDER Eucalyptus Alba STAND IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM By
SYLVOPASTURE PATTERN IN NTT)
Buletin
Penelitian BPK Kupang, Vol. 5 No. 1 Tahun 2001, pp 21
Summary
Research
on sylvopasture pattern by enrichment of king grass (Pennisetum Purpuphoides)
under Eucalyptus alba stand has been conducted in SoE (Bu’at), district of
Timor Tengah Selatan, province of NTT. The research was conducted in NTT mainly
due to this province has been well known as semiarid zone with long dry season
(about 8 month). There was limited
green fodder during dry season, hence, livestock farmer tends to use forest tree
yield as fodder in particularly leaves and bark.
The aim
of the research is to determine the possibility use of combined King grass and
Eucalyptus designed on Sylvopasture patttern in agro forestry system, to
determine the adaptability and productivity of King greass grown under
Eucalyptus alba hopefully, practicing sylvopasture pattern can increase yield of
fodder, hence, green fodder will be available during dry season. In addition by
practicing sylvopasture pattern, sustainable environment can be maintained and
by standard living of farmer can be improved.
Observations
were made on plot established under Eucalyptus alba with two treatments,
enrichment of King grass plot and no King grator pint (control). Each treatment
was replicated three times and individual plot size was 50 x 50 M. Eucalyptus
Alba stand was albavtand was categorized on big group, medium group, and
seedlings based on diameter. A
cutting of King grass with 20 cm length was grown on 1 m by 1 m spacing. Height
and diameter of King grass were measured seven times per year. And production
(weight of King grate) way measured two times per year. Also, measurement of
wild grass was determined three times per year.
Result
of the research showed that growth and development of weight King grass was low
(416.50 kg/plot), mainly due to maintenance of research plot way less intensive.
Growth of wild grass was also not affected by canopy of Euclyptus alba.
Weight of wild grass was 382.90 kg/plot In conclusion svlvopasture pattern is
promising pattern to be developed on agroforegtry system in NTT.
86.
Mumiati,
Sumarhani dan A.Ng. Gintings
DEMPLOT WANATANI SEBAGAI MODEL USAHA REHABILITASI LAHAN
ALANG-ALANG (Agroforestry demonstration
plot as a model of Imperata grassland rehabilitation effort)
Buletin
Penelitian Hutan, P3H&KA, No. 627, Tahun 2001
Agroforestry Demonstration Plot at Mangkaok
Village, South Kalimantan Province was developed in the end of 1993 by Forest
and Nature Conservation Research and Development Centre (FNCRDC) in cooperation
with Food Agriculture OrganizationlAsia Pacific Agroforestry Network (FAOIAPAN)
and Riam Kanan Soil Conservation and Land Rehabilitation Sub Institution (now is
called as Forestry and Soil Conservation Service a Banjar).
The objectives of the demonstration plot are to
rehabilitate the imperata grassland and to increase the land productivity. In
addition, it can be used by surrounding society as extension media in
establishing the farm on the sloping dry land area.
The Demonstration Plot used "alley
cropping" planting pattern which combined perennial tree crops with annual
food crops and integrated with several soil and water conservation methods, i.e.
land preparation and planting through contour line, making bench terraces and
using terraces strengthener/erosion buffer plants. Various species were planted in the demplot consist of forest
trees (Acacia mangium and Paraserianthes falcataria), fruit trees/multipurpose
trees (durian/Durio zibethinus, mango/Mangivera indica, petai/Parkia speciosa,
rambutan/Nephelium lappaceum and coconut/Cocos nucifera), terrace
strengthener/erosion buffer plants (Glirisidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala and
Calliandra calothirsus), annual food crops (rice/oriza sativa, corn/Zea mays,
groundnut/arachis hypogaea and cassava/manihot esculenta), and shade tolerant
plants (coffee/coffea sp., ginger/Zingiber ofisinale and "kencur
"/Kaempferia galanga).
Growth of all species in the plot are sufficient.
The average height and diameter of forest trees are 8.10 m and 12.38 cm
for A. mangium at four years old, 13.80 m and 17.27 cm for P. falcataria at 40
months old. In general vegetative
growth of fruit trees were good. However,
they have not produce fruits yet, except rambutan trees. The yield of biomass from
pruning the terrace strengthener plants were rather low, whereas the yield
of annual food crops were high.
Imperata grassland can be
rehabilitated through implementation the agroforestry system/technologies. This
land use management enable to maintain soil fertility and increase land
productivity, therefore the sustainable land use can be achieved.
MENGENAL PERBENIHAN DAN BUDIDAYA TANAMAN MERBAU (Intsia
bijuga 0. Ktze)
Tekno Benih
Vol.VI No.1 hal 1-6 Th 2001
Merbau (Intsia bijuga 0. Ktze)
merupakan salah satu jenis pohon yang potensial untuk dikembangkan menjadi
prioritas dalam pembangunan Hutan Tanaman Industri (HTI).
Manfaat yang bisa diperoleh dari kayu merbau adalah umumnya dipakai untuk
balok, tiang dan papan pada bangunan perumahan dan jembatan, untuk bantalan dan
kayu perkapalan, lantai, panil, mebel, karoseri dan barang bubutan.
Pohon merbau berbuah pada bulan Mei sampai dengan Agustus.
Benih yang masak fisiologis dicirikan dengan wama benih coklat tua
kemerahan. Potensi produksi buah
per pohon berkisar antara 73 81 buah/pohon dan produksi benih per pohonnya
adalah antara 363 - 407 benih/pohon. Sedangkan
jumlah benih dalam 1 Kg adalah 354 benih.
Perlakuan pendahuluan untuk mempercepat proses perkecambahan benih merbau
adalah pengikiran dan kemudian direndam dalam air dingin selama 30 menit.
Media perkecambaban yang terbaik adalah media campuran tanah dan pasir
dengan perbandingan 1 : 1.
Cara pembuatan bibit merbau dapat dilakukan dengan 2 cara, yaitu biji
langsung ditanam di lapangan dan melalui persemaian. Untuk penanaman langsung dari biji di lapangan sebaiknya
dilakukan dengan meletakkan biji secara horizontal pada kedalaman 5 cm.
Sedangkan penanaman dengan bibit hasil penyapihan dilakukan dengan posisi tegak,
demikian pula untuk benih yang berupa stump, selanjutnya ditimbun dengan tanah
dan ditekan secara hati-hati.
Kata kunci
: Merbau
(Intsia bijuga O.Ktze), perbenihan, budidaya tanaman
Keywords
: Merbau (Intsia bijuga 0. Ktze), seed, silviculture
88.
Naning Yuniarti, Dede J. Sudrajat, Dida Syarnsuwida dan
M. Zanzibar
CARA
EKSTRAKSI, PERLAKUAN PENDAHULUAN DAN METODE PENGUJIAN VIABILITAS DI
LABORATORIUM DAN RUMAH KACA PADA BENIH TISUK (Hibiscus macrophylla) (Possibility of requiring proper methods of
extraction, pretreatment, and viability as well as germination test in
laboratorium and green house on Tisuk (Hibiscus macrophylia) Seeds)
Buletin
Tek.
Perbenihan (Seed Tech.
Blull.) VII. 8, No. 1, 2001 hal
119-130
The main aim of this research was to explore the possible
requiring of appropriate methods of extraction, pretreatment, germination test
in a laboratory as well as a green house for tisuk seeds such that it would
increase and accelerate the germination capacity. The extraction included the on
for the cleaning of seeds with or without their hair. Further pretreatment covered the ones implementing cool
water, hot water, hydrogen peroxide (H202,), and sulfuric
acid (H2SO4)
solution. The laboratory ,germination included the ones performed on the upper
porlian of paper, between paper sheets, and rolled paper set in upright/standing
position. Meanwhile the germination
performed in the green house used the media of vermiculate, coconut dust, soil,
sand, and the mixture of soil and sand in 1 : 1 proportion (by weight). The
completely randomized design was used to analyze the over all data resulting
from such implemented methods.
Results indicate that the best extraction was the one on
the seeds without the cleaning of their hairs.
Further pretreatment wing H2SO4, turned out the
most proper solvent to increase and accelerated on the upper paper porlian
brought out the highest germination capacity.
After all, the best medium in the green house germination was provided by
vermiculate.
Kata
kunci : benih tisuk (Hibiscus macrophylia), metode
perkeearnbahan, viabilitas
Keywords : Tisuk (Hibiscus macrophylla) seeds, germination
method, viability
89. Naning Yuniarti, Dida Syansuwida, M. Zanzibar
Buletin
Tek. Perbeniban (Seed Tech.
Bull.) Vol, 8, No. 1, 2001 hal 86-95
To ensure that Acacia crassicarpa seed remain viable after
being separated from their host plant, and is able to germinate satisfactory
only their planting later. proper techniques of their storage is necessary.
The aim of this research is to find out a proper technique
of storage of acacia crasicarpa seeds In implementing proper storage techniques,
three types of factors were tested, i.e. : storage container, (plastic and cloth
bags), storage room (air conditioned, refrigerator and room/ambient temperature)
and storage duration (0, 1, 2 and 3 months).
The results showed that the most proper storage of A.
crassicarpa seeds was by using plastic bag container in air conditioned room.
Kata kunci : penyimpanan, benih Acacia crassicarpa
Keywords : storage, Acacia crassicarpa seed
KOMPOSISI DAN PENYEBARAN JENIS TUMBUHAN DI HUTAN BEKAS
TEBANGAN DAN HUTAN PRIMER, MALUKU TENGAH (Composition
and Distribution of Species in Logged-over and Virgin Forest, Central
Maluku)
Buletin
Penelitian Hutan, P3H&KA, No. 629, Tahun 2001
This work was carried and at the area Brata Jaya
Utama Co, Seram Island, Central Maluku. It aimed at studying tehe development of
tropical rain forest standing stock of the island. Stratified technique sampling
method was used. The total all sampling are consisted of 5 collective sampling
area, covering an area 1,000 m length and 20 m width.
Samples were taken every year standing stock stands.
Samples for study were also taken at the primary forest.
The result of this work indicates that the
standing stock development of the logged-over area of 1989/1990 was the highest
for seedling (48 species), sapling (52 species), poles (57 species) and trees
(55 species). The important value
indices for logged-over area 1979/1980 for seedling and sapling were Eugenia sp.
and Octomeles sumatrana, for poles and trees were Eugenia sp. and Octomeles
sumatrana respectively. The logged-over area 1984/1985 for seedling and sapling
were Eugenia sp. and Pometia pinnata, for poles and trees were Shorea selanica
and Agathis sp. respectively. The logged-over area 1989/1990 for seedling and
sapling were Callophyllum inophyllum and Eugenia sp., for poles and trees were
Shorea selanica and Myristica succendanea. The logged-over area 1994/1995 for
seedling and sapling were Calophyllum inophyllum and Eugenia sp. for poles and
trees were Shorea selanica and Myristica succendanea. In the primary forest, the highest dominant index value for
seedling sand sapling were Diospyros pillosanthera, for poles and trees Shorea
selanica and Eugenia sp.
The distribution of class diameter of 20 - 29 cm
for the number of stands/ha successively 5 trees/ha (1984/1985), 6 trees/ha
(1989/1990), 9 trees/ha (1979/1980), 19 trees/ha (1994/1995) and 21 trees/ha for
primary forest. For distribution of class diameter of 30-39 cm for the number
successively of stands/ha successively 7 trees/ha (1979/1980 and 1984/1985), 1O
trees/ha (1989/1990), 26 trees/ha (1994/1995), and 26 trees/ha for primary
forest.
The distribution of class diameter of 40 - 49 cm
for the number of stands/ha successively 7 trees/ha (1979/1980), 9 trees/ha
(1989/1990), 10 trees/ha (1984/1985), 13 trees/ha (1994/1995) and 24 trees/ha
for primary forest. For distribution of class diameter of >50 cm for the
number of stands/ha successively 7 trees/ha (1979/1980), 18 trees/ha
(1989/1990), 21 trees/ha (1984/1985), 32 trees/ha (1994/1995) and 41 trees/ha
for primary forest.
Density of seedling, sapling, poles and trees
increased with an increased of the logged over area ages.
Kata kunci : Kompoisisi-Penyebaran jenis-Hutan bekas
tebangan-Hutan primer.
91.
Nur Muhammad Heriyanto dan Sutiyono
KERAGAMAN UKURAN BIJI Diospyros
celebica Bakh DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PERKECAMBAHAN (The Variation in Seed Size of Diospyros
celebica Bakh and its Effect to the
Germination)
Buletin
Penelitian, P3H&KA, No. 626 Th. 2001
A study on the size
of Diospyros celebica Bakh
seed and its influence to the germination growth was conducted from 2nd
January 1999 to 2nd June
1999 in the nursery of the Forest
and Nature Conservation Research and Development Center (FNCRDC), Jalan Gunung
Batu, Bogor.
The aim of this study
was to find out on, the parameter
of seed quality interms of germination capability of D. celebica
seeds.
The study was
arranged with completely randomized design and followed by Tukey test.
The seeds were divided into three groups, i.e : big, moderate and small
seed. Every seed was germinated in a plastic bag of 12,5 x 12,5 cm containing 1
kg of soil. Every treatment needs 20 seeds with 3 replications, therefore 180
experimental units (3 x 3 x 20) were prepared.
The result of
the study shows that the weight and length of D.
celebica seeds
were very varied. The weight of the
seed ranged from 0,99 to 2,24 gram with an average of 1,50 gram, while the
length of the seed varied from 2,50 to 3,75 cm, with average of3,15 cm.
It was estimated that 1 kg of D. celebica amounts
to 688 seeds.
The variation of seed
size did not influence the time of germination.
The dormancy period of D.
celebica seeds was relatively longer
indicated by the beginning of germination which occurred in the 36th
– 37th day. The
germination ended in the 42th – 43th day, therefore the
period of germination was relatively
the same i.e 7--8 days. The bigs
seed tends to produce a big sprout.
A further study, the effects of seed size on seedling growth, is recommended to determine the requirement of seed selection.
92. Nur Muhammad Heriyanto, Sofwan Bustoni, Yana Sumarna
EKOLOGI DAN POTENSI
DAMAR MATA KUCING (Shorea javanica K&V) DI KELOMPOK HUTAN KRUI – KOTAJAWA
KABUPATEN LAMPUNG BARAT (The ecology and
standing stock of Shorea
javanica K & V (Damar mata
kucing) in the Krui - Kotajawa Forest Complex District of West Lampung)
Buletin
Penelitian Hutan, P3H&KA, No. 628, Tahun 2001
(Shorea
javanica) Damar mata kucing has been grown in a
group of forest
developed as reclamation after utilization by a concession holder PT. Bina
Lestari. The forest confine the are
of about 17.000 ha. According to
the government administration the forest; are situated in the sub districts of
North Pesisir, Central Pesisir and South Pesisir of the district of West Lampung. While according to the
forestry administration the forests are under the administration of Lampung
Forest District.
Analysis of the forest stands indicates that the vegetation of the forest
can be divided into three vegetation components namely non forest consisting of
pasture lands, coffee plantations, pepper plantations and shrubs (4.333, 30 ha);
thin forests (5.666,10 ha) and dense forests (7.000,60 ha).
The area used for this study is categorized as the lowland and highland
wet tropical rain forests, with elevation ranges between 10 and 439 m above sea
level.
The mean standing stock of all species with trunk diameter
³ 20 cm was 80,08 m3/ha, consisted of Dipterocarpaceae
species 54,02 m3/ha (damar mata kucing 53,58 m3/ha), non Dipterocarpaceae stands
(13,75 m3/ha), non wood stands (7,26 m3/ha) and other stand species (5,05
m3/ha). The standing stock with trunk diameter of ³ 50 cm was 42,36 m3/ha comprising Dipterocarpaceae species
32,42 m3/ha (damar mata kucing 32,42 m3/ha ), non Dipterocarpaceae species (6,64
m3/ha), non wood species (2,17 m3/ha) and other stand species (0,89 m3/ha).
The standing stock with trunk diameter of ³ 60 cm was 30,61 m3/ha, consisted of the Dipterocarpaceae
species 24,84 m3/ha (damar mata kucing 24,65 m3/ha), non Dipterocarpaceae
species (4,07 m3/ha ), non wood species (1,38 m3/ha) and other stand species
(0,31 m3/ha).
Resin gum is usually taken from the stand with trunk diameter of
³ 20 cm. The resin gum produced by the stand at the low and
dense forest with the trunk diameter of ³ 20 cm 35,82 kg/ha/month and 215,16 kg/ha/month, with
trunk diameter of ³ 50 cm was 15,16 kg/ha/month and 123,39 kg/ha/month, and
with trunk diameter of ³ 60 cm was 11,11 kg/ha/month and 92,72 kg/ha/month
respectively.
High dominance and potential of Shorea javanica may
indicate an endemic population of Dipterocarpaceae esecially Shorea javanica. It
is suggested to develop the forest since it has potential high resin production.
KAYU
AFRIKA (Maesopsis endnii Engl.):
BUDIDAYA DAN POTENSINYA UNTUK PEMBANGUNAN HUTAN TANAMAN
Tekno Benih Vol. VI No.1 hal 35-41 Th 2001
Maesopsis eminii is one example of exotic species that has a good potential for forest plantation in Indonesia. This species was introduced at the tea garden in West Java for the first time in Indonesia, and then started to be planted in forest area as a complement for Paraserianthes falcataria that were heavily attacked by Xystrocera festiva. The tremendous decrease of wood production from the natural forests will has to be anticipated by supporting the development of forest plantation by using the appropriate species for planting in a certain area. The use of wood of M. eminiifor the cover of plywood make this species planted in large more area in Indonesia and Malaysia.
Keywords
: Maesopsis eminii, appropriate species, forestplantation, seed handling
Kata
kunci : Maesopsis eminii, jenis yang sesuai, hutan tanaman,
penanganan benih
94.
Nurhasybi
dan Dede J. Sudrajat
PENGARUH TINGGI
TUNGGAK TANAMAN Gmelina arborea TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN
TRUBUSANNYA PADA UMUR EMPAT BULAN (Assessing the Affect of Varying of Gmelina
arborea Stumps on the Growth
Buletin Tek. Perbenihan (Seed Tech. Bull.) Vol. 8, No. 1, 2001, hal. 96-109
Summary
Gmelina arborea belongs to the am of fast-growing species
and hence can be potential for its possible establishment m industrial
plantation forest and/or community forest. The ability of this species to grow
its coppices abundantly might be advantage-for developing hedge orchards, which
is related to its vegetative propagation. This
advantage can be considered for its regeneration purposes that might be simple
and cheaper in field operation. Related as such a preliminary study on 4-month old coppices
as developed from G. arborea trees has been conducted in the Parungpanjang Seed
Orchard, Bogor.
G. arborea trees used in this study were the ones with
4-year age and considered growing unwell as well as developing bad-shaped stem.
Stem of the trees was cut at the height s of come cutively 0-cm, 10-cm, and
20-cm from the ground surface, Ieaving their stumps as such three respective
heights. The 4-year age G. arborea trees were situated in two different
plantation sites, either regarded as blocks (34-A and 35-A) and each covering an
Aria] of 25 hectares with stand spacing at 3-m by 3-m.
The selection of the trees predicted to develop satisfactory coppices
study were conducted randomly from their particular blocks.
In blocks 34-A and 35-B, there were comecutively 250 and 249 G. arborea
stumps at their remaining heights lie. 0-, 10-, and 20-cm).
Four months afterwards, only one developed coppice from each stump at
such three particular heights was observed with respect to their growth
characteristics. Such
characteristics consisted of their survival, percentage of coppice with
straight-shape stem, number of coppices, branches, and diameter and height of
the coppices. The randomized to analyze such resulting observations.
Results revealed that regardless of the stumps with different heights, it
did not affect significantly the growth of such coppices. To infer, This trial
brought about the coppices of G. arborea with uniform results, there by being
advantageous for the establishment of plantation forests.
Keywords : Gmelina arborea coppice, preliminary study,
uniformity
95.
O.K.
Karyono dan Achmad Supriadi, 2001
NILAI
EKONOMI PEMANFAATAN KAYU MINDI (Melia azedarach) STUDI KASUS DI BOGOR
JAWA BARAT
Info
Hasil Hutan, Vol. 8 No. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 1-10
Ringkasan
Kayu
Mindi (Melia azedarach L.) ditanam petani yang berfungsi sebagai pohon
pelindung/ pelindung tanaman inti, dan penggunaannya sebagian besar untuk kayu
bakar. Dari kayu mindi yang telah
dimanfaatkan sebagai kayu bundar, papan gergajian dan produk mebeler, ternyata
dapat memberikan pendapatan kepada pelaku pasar mulai dari petani produsen
sampai kepada pengusaha mebeler berkisar antara Rp 250.000.- s/d Rp 900.000.-/
m3 produk.
Rendemen
penggergajian rata-rata kayu mindi sekitar 50 - 60%. setelah dimanfaatkan
menjadi mebeler. rendemennya sekitar 35-40%.
Nilai tambah yang diperoleh dari pemanfaatan kayu mindi sebagai papan
penggergajian dan produk mebeler masing-masing adalah Rp 250.000.-dan Rp
550.000,-.
Kata
kunci : Mindi. Pemanfaatan, Nilai
ekonomi.
96. P. Permadi, J. Gril, S. Numazawa and P. Girard
DIMENSIONAL STABILISATION OF COMPRESSED WOOD BY THERMAL TREATMENT
Forestry Research Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2001
Thermal
treatment can be applied to stabilize compressed wood.
In this study optimum condition of thermal treatment (temperature and
residence time) in stabilizing compressed poplar wood has been identified
through simple modelization.
The results show
that the optimum conditions are : 160oC
for 3.3 hours, 187oC for 1.1 hours and 212oC for 20
minutes. Compressed wood has lower
energy activation than untreated wood which is 18 kcal/mol.
Keywords : poplar wood, compressed wood, thermal treatment, dimensional stabilization.
97.
P. Permadi, A. Themelin, P. Girard and S.
Mouras
INFLUENCE OF TORREFACTION PROCESS ON WOOD DIMENSIONAL
STABILITY AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE
Forestry Research Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2001
The influence of torrefaction
on some physical and mechanical properties of eucalypts wood was studied.
In this study, three different final temperatures, 220oC, 230oC
and 240oC for one-hour residence time were applied on 2.5 x 10 x 120
cm eucalypts board and 1 mm thick veneer. The
results show that these processes decrease hygroscopicity and improve the wood
dimensional stability. On the other
hand, to some extend wood mechanical properties decrease.
The final temperature is an important factor affecting those properties.
The test on durability is still in progress and it seems this process can
be developed to improve wood quality.
Keywords : eucaliptus, torrefaction, dimensional stability, mechanical properties.
98.
P.
Sukartana and Y.I. Mandang
ACCELERATED FIELD
AND LABORATORY TESTS OF NATURAL RESISTANCE
OF SOME INDONESIAN WOOD SPECIES TO SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE Coptotermes
SP.
Forestry Research Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2001
Natural
resistance of 22 Indonesian wood species to subterranean termite Coptotermes sp.
was determined through accelerated field and laboratory studies. The test
materials were cut into test blocks measuring of 10 x 2.5 x 1.0 cm. The samples
were divided into two groups, one for field experiment and the other for
laboratory. Each group was randomly prepared in a bundle tightened with plastic
rope. One bundle was exposed on
wood stump being infested by the termite species in field and the other was on
termite culture in laboratory. Observations were based on visual damage and
weight loss after both test groups were exposed for six months.
Based
on the visual rating, most wood samples could be classified into very resistant
and resistant. Only some were considered moderately, not resistant and
perishable. Meanwhile, according to the weight loss system, all samples were
likely degraded. Visually intact but the weight declined after exposure.
However, the well-known durable species, for examples, ulin or bulian (Eusideroxylon
zwageri) and
balau (Shorea laevis)
were still sound. Albizia (Paraserianthes (Albizia) falcataria) and mangium (Acacia
mangium) were grouped into resistant
to moderately resistant classes. Tusam (Pinus merkusii) and rubberwood (Hevea
brasiliensis),
two wood species that were included in the test for references, had been
completely devoured.
Keywords
:
Coptotermes
sp., accelerated field and laboratory tests, visual rating, and weight loss
99.
P.
Sukartana, R. Rushelia, Djarwanto and G. Sumarni
ESTIMATING EFFECTIVENESS OF CASHEW NUT SHELL
LIQUID (CNSL) (Anacardium occidentale)
TO CONTROL OF SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE Coptotermes
gestroi WASMANN (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Forestry Research Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2001
Abstract
Effectiveness of crude extract of cashew nut shell
liquid (CNSL) (Anacardium occidentale) was tested against subterranean termite
Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann. The experiments were designated to determine effect
of the extract on feeding and contact activities of the termite species. Several
CNSL solutions in acetone solvent were prepared. Small filter paper pads, 3 cm
in diameter, were used for feeding test and sieved sand particles were for
contact test. The papers and sand particles were each soaked in CNSL solution
for one minute. After the solvent evaporated, the paper and a layer of sand
particles were each put in a small plastic vial and then wetted with two drops
of water. Twenty five termite workers and three soldiers were introduced in each
vial to allow them feed on the treated paper or forage on the treated sand. The
whole test assembly was kept in moist and dark at room temperature for 14 days.
Results revealed that CNSL solution of 2.5% or more was effective for feeding
test, causing 100% termite mortality at day 2 – 4 after exposure.
Effectiveness of solution of 1.0% solution was very low, only caused termite
mortality of about 60% after 14 day exposure. Effectiveness the solution in
contact test was lower than that in feedings. Treatment with 10.0% solution
produced 100% termite mortality at day one, but it took longer time for the
lower concentrations, at day 7 and 14 for 7.0 and 5.0% solutions respectively.
Treated sand with CNSL solution of 2.5% or lower was ineffective, or even tends
to be similar to the control performance.
Keywords
: feeding and contact tests, mortality,
effectiveness, deterioration grade
100.
Poedji
Hastoeti, Bambang
Wiyono dan Hartoyo, 2001
PENGARUH JENIS DAN KONSENTRASI ASAM TERHADAP KUALITAS
DEKSTRIN SAGU
Info
Hasil Hutan, Vol. 8 No. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 11-19
Ringkasan
Penelitian
ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis dan konsentrasi asam terhadap
dekstrin sagu yang dihasilkan, sedangkan sasarannya adalah untuk mengetahui
kondisi pengolahan dekstrin yang menghasilkan dekstrin dengan daya larut yang
terbaik. Pembuatan dekstrin dengan
berbagai jenis asam dan konsentrasi ini dilakukan secara kering. Larutan asam
yang digunakan adalah asam klorida dan asam sulfat, di mana masing-masing jenis
asam konsentrasinya terdiri dari 0%. 1,250%, 1.50%. 1,75% dan 2%.
Pengaruh jenis asam dan konsentrasinya terhadap kualitas dekstrin
dianalisis dengan rnenggunakan rancangan faktorial, dan nilai rataan setiap
kualitas dianalisis dengan Tukey prosedur dalam paket SAS.
Hasil
penelitian menunjukan bahwa katalis asam klorida menghasilkan dekstrin dengan
sifat kelarutan dalam air yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan dekstrin yang
dihasilkan katalis asam sulfat. Sedangkan
faktor konsentrasi sangat nyata mempengaruhi bilangan asam dan derajat asam
dekstrin yang dihasilkan. Bilangan
asam dekstrin meningkat dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi katalis asam yang
digunakan. Kosentrasi asam yang
menghasilkan nilai derajat asam yang berbeda nyata terhadap konsentrasi lainnya
hanya 1,25% saja, sedangkan di antara konsentrasi asam 1.50%, 1,75% dan 2% tidak. Untuk nilai bilangan
asamnya, baik di antara jenis maupun konsentrasi asam yang digunakan
menghasilkan nilai bilangan asam yang berbeda nyata satu dengan yang lainnya.
Penggunaan asam klorida dengan konsentrasi 1,50% menghasilkan dekstrin
yang mempunyai daya larut dalam air yang terbaik, dengan nilai derajat asam yang
rnemenuhi persyaratan standar SNI. Disarankan
untuk mengolah pati menjadi dekstrin menggunakan katalis asam klorida dengan
kosentrasi 1,50%.
Kata
kunci : dekstrin. pati sagu, asam
klorida, asam sulfat, sifat fisika-kimia
PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH HUTAN MELALUI TEKNIK MULSA VERTIKAL
UNTUK KONSERVASI TANAH DAN AIR (The
Utilization of forest Waste Through Vertical Mulch Techniquefor Soil and Water
Conservation)
Buletin Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Vol.2,
No. 1, Th. 2001
Pembangunan hutan tanaman umurnnya diarahkan untuk memperbaiki lahan-lahan
marginal, khususnya lahan yang mempunyai jenis tanah Oxisols dan Ultisols.
Jenis-jenis tanah ini sangat peka terhadap erosi dan mempunyai kesuburan
yang rendah. Pembangunan hutan tanaman seringkali mempunyai beberapa masalah
terutama pada tiga tahun pertama setelah tanam, seperti: erosi yang tinggi
karena aliran permukaan dan kehilangan unsur hara yang banyak, khususnya di
lahan yang bertopografi miring.
Pada awal pembangunan hutan
tanaman, banyak dijumpai limbah hutan, namun
demikian penggunaannya di bidang kehutanan belum banyak dilakukan.
Limbah hutan merupakan bahan organik, yang dapat memperbaiki sifat-sifat
fisik, kimia dan biologi tanah dan pada akhirnya dapat menurunkan erosi dan
rneningkatkan kesuburan tanah. Pemanfaatan
limbah hutan di bidang kebutanan dapat dilakukan melalui teknik mulsa vertikal.
Penelitian-penelitian yang pernah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa penerapan mulsa
vertikal di hutan tanaman dapat menurunkan erosi dan meningkatkan kesuburan
tanah.
Kata kunci :
limbah hutan, mulsa vertikal, konservasi tanah dan air
Forest Plantation development is directed to
improve marginal land, especially in land with Oxisols and Ultisols. These soils
are very sensitive to erosion and have low fertility. During first three years
after planting, the development of forest plantation usually has some problems
such as: high erosion due to run-off and lost of nutrient, especially in the
steep slope areas. Therefore these
problems have to be solved.
In the beginning phase of forest plantation
development, there are abundant plant waste, that has not been utilized
properly. The waste is organic matter, which could improve physical, chemical
and biological characteristics of the soil and ultimately the application of
plant waste could decrease soil erosion rate and increase soil fertility.
Application of plant waste in forestry sector could be carried out by vertical
mulch technique. The study indicate that using this technique in forest
Plantation could decrease soil erosion and increase soil fertility
significantly.
Keywords :
forest waste, vertical mulch, soil and water conservation
102.
Pratiwi dan Agus S. Tjokrowardojo
PROSPEK TEKNOLOGI OLAH TANAH KONSERVASI DALAM PEMBANGUNAN
HUTAN TANAMAN POLA TUMPANGSARI (Prospect
of Conservation Tillage Technology on Forest Plantation Development Using
Agroforestry Pattern)
Buletin Penelitian
dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Vol.2, No. 1, Th. 2001
Pengelolaan hutan tanaman tumpangsari tanaman pangan terbukti memberikan
nilai tambah berupa meningkatnya pendapatan petani, dan terpeliharanya tanaman
pokok yang lebih baik. Namun
demikian, pengelolaan yang eksploitatif tanpa memperhatikan kaidah konservasi
tanah, berpotensi menurunkan produktivitas lahan, sehingga dalam jangka panjang
tidak menguntungkan bagi managemen kehutanan. Olah Tanah Konservasi (OTK)
merupakan alternatif teknologi yang mampu mengatasi masalah ini, disarnping
memberdayakan masyarakat desa hutan melalui kemampuan menggarap lahan lebih luas
untuk tumpangsari hutan tanaman.
Pengelolaan hutan tanaman tumpangsari ubi kayu sistem OTK dapat menghemat
biaya penyiapan lahan dan pemeliharaan tanaman sebesar Rp 170.000/ha. Penerapan
teknologi OTK di areal hutan tanaman tumpangsari layak dikembangkan, karena
berpotensi mempertahankan/meningkatkan produktivitas, disamping meningkatkan
pendapatan petani. Dalam jangkapanjang dapat mendukung pembangunan hutan tanaman
berkelanjutan.
Kata kunci : hutan tanaman, tumpangsari, olah tanah konservasi
Management of forest plantation using
agroforestry pattern was proved to have added value on increasing farmer income,
and better tree growth. However,
exploitative management of forest land without considering conservation
principles could decrease land productivity and in the long run could provide
negative impact for forest management. Conservation tillage seems to be one alternative that could
overcome this problem and empower forest community surrounding forest area to
cultivate more land for agroforestry.
Forest plantation management using agroforestry
pattern with cassava and implementing of conservation tillage decreases land
preparation and plant maintenance cost about Rp.170.000 per hectare.
Conservation tillage in forest plantation using agroforestry pattern is suitable
to be implemented, because it has the potential to intrease land productivity
and farmer income and, in the long
run, the method could support the development of sustainable
forest plantation.
Keywords: Forest plantation, agroforestry, conservation tillage
103.
R. Sawitri dan
Garsetiasih
PENDEKATAN MODEL
PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM ESTUARIA MELALUI KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS IKAN DAN UDANG DI S. WAY KAMBAS, T.N. WAY
KAMBAS, LAMPUNG (Approaching model of
estuaria ecosystem management based on fish in Way Kambas Park, Lampung)
Buletin
Penelitian Hutan, P3H&KA, No. 627, Tahun 2001
Way Kambas estuary is a complex ecosystem. This
ecosystem is affected by salinity, vegetation, small invertebrate, vertebrate,
debit and water turbidity. One of
the vertebrate is fish species.
A
study is conducted in three different types of
vegetation that are beach forest, mangrove forest, and nipah forest. The fish
species richness is about 23 besides shrimps and eel
Fish communities change with increasing proximity
to the river mouth. There are numbers of representatives of families more common
in brackish and marine conditions such as Hemiamphidae, Eleotridae, Gobidae, and
Tetraodontidae. Vegetation may also influence the distribution of fish species
through the presence of plant material and the presence of a shading canopy.
Next, debit and water turbidity of estuary affected the diversity of fish
species. Most of them have small
eyes and long barbells like manty catfish.
Based on the fish species, environmental
management approaching for estuary national park are some activities such as
ecotourism, rearing fish, and limited catch fish that can be done by national
park authority and surrounding people.
Kata kunci : ikan, ekoturisme, pembesaran ikan dan
penangkapan ikan terbatas.
KAJIAN
TEKNO-EKONOMI INDUSTRI MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard)
Info
Sosial Ekonomi, Vol. 2, No. 2, Tahun 2001, pp 103-112
Ringkasan
Industri
MDF rnempunyai prospek pemasaran dalam negeri dan ekspor yang cerah. Hal ini karena MDF lebih fleksibel dalam penggunaannya
dibandingkan kayu lapis dn papan partikel, sehingga MDF pada masa mendatang akan
dapat menggantikan kedua panel tersebut. Penelitian
ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aspek teknis dan ekonomis industri MDF dari jenis
kayu HTI.
Hasil
penelitian menunjukan bahwa jenis kayu HTI Acacia mangium, Gmelina arborea, dan
Eucalyptus urophylla baik digunakan sebagai bahan baku industri MDF. Sifat fisik dan mekanik produk MDF yang dihasilkan secara
umum dapat memenuhi standar Euro MDF Board (EMB) yang diacu, kecuali pada sifat
daya penyerapan air yang masih sering cukup tinggi.
Biaya
produksi rata-rata per m3 MDF adalah sebesar Rp 479.450,- yang terdiri dari
biaya produksi langsung dan tak langsung pada tingkat produksi sebesar 70.000
rn3 per tahun atau 700% dari total kapasitas industri.
Kata
kunci : Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF), HT], sifat fisik dan mekanik Euro
105.
Rahman
Kurniadi. Harisetijono dan/and
LukasRunbokoWibowo, 2001
KAJIAN
UPAYA PENINGKATAN PERAN KOPERASI DALAM PENGELOLAAN HUTAN DI HPH PT VENEER
PRODUCT INDONESIA (study on Promoting of Cooperative Role for managing State
in Forest Concession of PT. Veneer Product Indonesia)
Buletin
Penelitian BPK Kupang, Vol. 5 No. 1 Tahun 2001, pp 47
Summary
Shifting
paradigm of managing state forest in Indonesia from timber based management to
community based management brings a challenging prospective for local people to
involve in managing state forest. The new government policy give an opportunity
for group of local people in form of cooperative, to contribute in management of
forest and forest product in regard to increase local People welfare.
In
response to the government policy, the study on local people cooperative is
undertaken in surrounding area of forest concession of PT Veneer Product
Indonesia. The aims of study are :
(a) to examine the possibility of cooperative for managing state forest
(b) to find information about capability of a develop cooperative in line with
managing state forest.
The
study showed that local people have several constrains in developing cooperative
and managing state forest. The major constrains are lack of capital, limited
knowledge of cooperative and forest management. Therefore many effort should be
done in order to strengthen the capability of local people in forest in forest
management.
Keywords
: cooperative, role, small scale enterprises, participation.
106.
Rena M. Siagian, Han Roliadi & Togar Hendrik
Martua
SIFAT PULP
KIMIA-TERMOMEKANIK (CTMP) KAYU MANGIUM (Acacia
mangium Wilid) DARI BERBAGAI TINGKAT UMUR (Properties
of mangium (Acacia mangium Willd)
Chemi-Thermo-Mechanical
Pulp of various wood maturities)
Buletin
Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol. 19 No. 4, Tahun 2001
This
investigation deals with the assessment of mangium (Acacia
mangium Willd.)
wood plantation of various maturities for the manufacture of
chemi-thermo-mechanical pulp (CTMP) with varying chemical (alkali)
concentrations. The properties of CTMP examined were those related to its
possibility newsprint. The ages consisted of three levels (i.e. 6,7 and 10
years) at which the respective mangium stands were normally harvested from their
first rotation. Three ages groups, of mangium were felled for obtaining wood
samples. Afterwards, the mangium woods were chipped for further investigation.
The alkali concentrations for pre-pulping (chip-softening) stage were
consecutively 2, 4, 6 and 8 percent. In the Asplund refiner, the softened chips
underwent a 15 minute pre-steaming at 5 psi and then fiberized into pulp for 3
minutes in the Asplund refiner. The resulting pulp were determined for their
yield, and further bleached by using peroxyde in 2 stages. The bleached pulps
were also examined of their yield, and subsequently made into hand sheet at the
targeted gram mage (50 gram per sq.m) for testings of their actual gram mage,
strength, and optical properties.
Data analysis reveals
that different wood ages and varying alkali concentrations did not contribute
significant effect on their bleached pulp yield. The pulp yields were relatively high in the range of 60 - 75
percent. The hand-sheets of pulp in
terms of its gram mage, ranged from 43.0 to 51.6 g/M2 ' These could
satisfy the SNI (Indonesian National Standards) requirements for newsprint. The thick nesses of pulp sheets, which were above 0.10 mm, did not meet the newsprint
pulp standard quality requirement. Physical
properties of mangium CTMP as described by their tensile, and tear index were
correlated positively with wood age. On the contrary, these properties were not
affected by alkali concentrations. Further, the different wood maturities
brought about significant changes in pulp brightness; and so did the alkali
concentration, whereby the brightness was affected negatively.
Further, the opacity of the pulp sheet was not affected by wood
maturities and alkali concentrations.
Wood of 10 years old
and with alkali concentration at 2 percent were found to be the optimum
treatment combination for its application in the manufacture of CTMP for
newsprint. The gram mage, thickness, physical, and optical properties of the
resulting CTMP, satisfy the SNI requirement for newsprint.
Keywords
: Acacia mangium, wood maturities, alkali concentration, CTMP
Ringkasan
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui
pengaruh umur kayu mangium dan penggunaan bahan kimia dalam pembuatan pulp kimia
termomekanik (CTMP) terhadap sifat pulp untuk kertas koran.
Umur kayu mangium yang dicoba adalah 6 tahun, 7 tahun dan 10 tahun hasil
tanam rotasi pertama. Konsentrasi bahan kimia NaOH yang ditambahkan untuk
pelunakan serpih dalam pembuatan pulp sebesar 2, 4, 6 dan 8 %.
Pemisahan serat dilakukan di dalam Asplund refiner selama 3 menit setelah
dilakukan pelunakan serpih pada alat yang sama selama 15 menit pada tekanan 5
psi. Pulp yang diperoleh dihitung rendemennya, dan dilakukan pemutihan pulp
menggunakan peroksida dua tahap. Pulp
putih yang diperoleh dibentuk lembaran dengan target gramatur 50 g/M2
untuk diuji ketahanan fisik dan sifat optiknya.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa umur kayu dan
konsentrasi NaOH tidak memberi pengaruh yang nyata terhadap rendemen pulp dan
umumnya menghasilkan rendemen cukup tinggi, yaitu berkisar antara 66 sampai 75%.
Lembaran pulp yang dibuat hampir seluruhnya memenuhi syarat gramatur
untuk kertas koran (SNI) dengan kisaran antara 43 - 51,6 g/M2. Tebal lembaran
yang dihasilkan belum memenuhi syarat ketebalan untuk kertas koran, semuanya
lebih tebal dari 0,10 mm. Sifat
fisik lembaran pulp CTMP dari kayu mangium yang digambarkan oleh indeks tarik
dan indeki sobek dipengaruhi oleh umur kayu, sedangkan konsentrasi NaOH dan
interaksi kedua faktor tidak nyata pengaruhnya. Pertambahan umur kayu
berkorelasi positif terhadap sifat fisik lembaran pulp. Derajat putih pulp
dipengaruhi secara nyata oleh faktor umur kayu, dan konsentrasi NaOH.
Peningkatan umur kayu dan konsentrasi NaOH memberi pengaruh negatif terhadap
derajat putih pulp. Opasitas cetak
lembaran pulp tidak dipengaruhi oleh faktor umur kayu dan konsentrasi NaOH.
Kayu mangium umur 10 tahun dengan penggunaan
konsentrasi NaOH 2% merupakan kombinasi perlakuan terbaik untuk diaplikasikan
dalam pembuatan pulp kertas koran. Hal ini ditinjau dari gramatur, tebal, sifat
fisik dan sifat optik lembaran pulp yang umumnya memenuhi persyaratan SNI untuk
kertas koran.
Kata
kunci : Acacia mangium, umur pohon, konsentrasi alkali, CTMP
107.
Richard G. N. Triantoro, Anna R. M. Renwarin, and Herman Remetwa, 2001
SIFAT-SIFAT
FISIK ROTAN ASAL HUTAN DATARAN RENDAH PAMI MANOKWARI (Physical Properties of
Rattan From Lowland Forest of Pami Manokwari)
Buletin
Penelitian BPK Manokwari, Vol. 6 No.1 Tahun. 2001, pp 42
Summary
Research
on physical properties of rattan had been done in Forestry Laboratory of Faperta
Uncen Manokwari during November 5th until March 24h 1995. The research objective
is to get information about physical properties of rattan from lowland forest of
Pami Manokwari. The result showed
that Korthalsia zippellii have the highest wet Water content, and Calamus
hollrungiin was the lowest. The
Highest air-dry water content is Calamus hollrungii, and the lowest one is
Korthalsia zippellii. Calamus
hollrungiin have the highest specific density in there conditions (wet air dry
and dry klin), and Korthalsia Zippellii is the lowest.
Them is o shrinking value in longitudinal direction (zero), whereas the
highest shrinking value in radial direction is belong to Korthalsia Zippellii
and then Calamus heterochantus. Cylindrical value of Korthalsia zippellii,
Calamus heterochantus and Calamus holrungii can be classified as sharp
cone-shaped. The length of internode of Korthalsia Zippellii, Calamus sp.1. and
Callamus hollrungi can be grouped as as medium internode (20-30 cm) and long
internode (30-40 cm), whereas Calamus heterochantus instead of include in both
group also have short internode (10-20 cm).
Diameter of Calamus sp.1 and Calamus heterohantus classified into small
diameter (0,4 - 1,8 cm.), and CaIamus hollrungii is medium diameter (1,9 - 2,8
cm), and Korthalsia zippellii can be grouped into both sizes (small and medium
diameter. The species of Calamus Sp.1., Calamus heteochantus and Callamus
hollrungii are elastic and have bight color stem (ivory yellow), whereas
Korthalsia zippellii is not so elastic and have unbright color.
Keywords: physical properties, Rattan, Korthalsia zippelliii, Calamus heterochantus, Calamus sp1
108.
Rina Kumiaty dan Dida
Syamsuwida
PENYIMPANAN BENIH
DAHU (Dracontomelon dao)
Buletin
Tek. Perbenihan (Seed Tech. Bull.) Vol. 9, No. 1, 2001
hal 110-118
The main objectives of this reseach/experiment were to
investigate the effect of containers, room conditions, and storing periods on
the viability of Dahu (Dracontomion dao) seeds during their storage.
The containers were consisting of two types (i.e. opened
and enclosed plastic boxes) inside which the seeds were stored for particular
periods in consecutively ambient room (± 350C).
Air conditioned room (±2O0C),and refrigerator(±5 0C). Meanwhile the storing periods as such
were l-, 2-, 3-, and 4-weeks, Respectively.
Acompletely randomtzed design with factorial pattern was
assigned in this experiment. whereby the factor were diffent containers, room
condition. storing periods. Certain
type of container with particular room condition was regarded as experimental
unit, which consisted of 50 seeds. Further,
the overall units were each replicated 3 times. The observed response following
the storing periods in this regard was percent germination of the seeds, which
merely reflects or correlates positively with their viability.
The results reveal that factors of container, room
conditions, and storing periods interacted affecting the germination of seeds in
that the highest percentage was obtained by storing them in open plastic
container, placed in the air-conditioned room, and kept them 3-weeks.
Simultaneously, the moisture content of the seeds in that situation
underwent some significant decrease. Such
situation, hence, turned out to be the most appropriate in prolonging the seed
viability.
Keywords
: Dracontomelon dao seeds, storage, gemination
109.
Rusli M. Harahap,
Jayusman, A. Dany Sunandar Endin lzudin, Wendra S Manik dan S. Lumbantobing
Podocarpus
neriifolius, D. Don untuk
Hutan Tanaman (Podocarpus neriifolius, D.
Don for Plantation Forest)
Buletin BPK P Siantar Vol.17 No.1 Th 2001
hal. 57-70
This paper deal
with Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don technical information obtained from the result
of surveys conducted at six location in North Sumatra and West Sumatra Province.
The explanation focused on the botanical, local name, distribution, tree
performance, wood characteristic/properties, uses, silviculture aspect and
management. Those information will be useful as for further basic consideration
in management and development of the species in large scale plantation or
community forest.
Keywords
:
P. neriifolius, silvicultural, forest plantation, community forest
POTENSIAL
USE OF MODIFIED SAGO AS AN EXTENDER FOR
UF PLYWOOD ADHESIVE
Forestry Research Journal, Vol. 2, No, 1, 2001
Since
1970, both the number and the capacity of Indonesian plywood factories have
increased rapidly. In 1995,
Indonesian plywood factories produced about 13.6 million cubic meters of
plywood. This production consumed
about 240.938 tons of imported wheat flour. It has been proposed that wheat
flour can perhaps be replaced by another starchy material.
Like wheat flour, sago flour has a high starch content; therefore, it
could be a potential substitute for wheat flour as an extender of UF
(urea-formaldehyde) adhesives. However,
the differences in the molecular size and starch content, like gluten, make
sago’s physical properties different from wheat flour when it is used to
extend UF adhesives.
Sago
flour is water-extracted from the pith of sago (Metroxylon sagus
Roxb.) trees. Sago palm trees mainly grow in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea,
Malaysia, Thailand, and Philippines. It
is estimated that a year in Indonesia there are about 3.6 million tons resources
of dry sago flour from the sago trees. If there are no harvesting,
the tree will die and the sago flour resources will disappear.
In this research the modified sago flour will be tested for its effectiveness as an extender of UF adhesives. Sago flour will be modified by two methods. First by acid modified (by HCl), and the second by phosphorylation (by a mixture of mono- and di-sodium phosphate) to achieve appropriate properties as an extender of UF-adhesives.
Keywords : modified sago, extender, plywood industry
IMPREGNASI LIMBAH GALVANISASI SENG PADA DUA JENIS KAYU
DENGAN DUA METODE PENGAWETAN
Info
Hasil Hutan, Vol. 8 No. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 20-24
Ringkasam
Hasil
penelitian menunjukkan bahwa limbah galvanisasi seng dapat mencegah serangan
jamur perusak kayu. Limbah ini
harus dimasukkan ke dalam kayu jika digunakan sebagai bahan pengawet sehingga
penelitian impregnasi perlu dilakukan.
Limbah
galvanisasi seng dengan konsentrasi 10% dan 25% dimasukkan ke dalam teras dua
jenis kayu secara rendaman dingin dan sel penuh.
Contoh yang digunakan sebanyak 20 buah dari setiap jenis kayu berukuran
50 cm x 5 cm x 5cm, dalam keadaan kering udara.
Limbah
galvanisasi seng dapat dimasukkan pada kayu sungkai (Peronema canescens) dan
mangium (Acacia mangium) dengan lama rendaman dingin 3 hari dalam konsentrasi
25%. Secara sel penuh, yaitu dengan
vakum awal dan akhir yang digunakan adalah 65 cm Hg masing-masing selama 30
menit dan 15 menit serta tekanan 10 atm selama satu jam dengan konsentrasi 10%.
Kata
kunci : impregnasi. limbah galvanisasi seng, jenis kayu, retensi, penembusan.
KETERAWETAN
23 JENIS KAYU TERHADAP BAHAN PENGAWET CCB
Info
Hasil Hutan, Vol. 8 No. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 25-30
Ringkasan
Percobaan
keterawetan 23 jenis kayu telah dilakukan secara set penuh menggunakan bahan
pengawet CCB (tembaga-khrom-boron), Contoh uji kering udara berukuran 5 cm x 5
cm x 100 cm diawetkan dengan konsentrasi 3%, dengan vakum awal dan akhir sebesar
500 mm Hg masing-masing selama 15 menit dan tekanan hidratulik sebesar 10 atm
selama satu jam.
Hasil
percobaan menunjukkan bahwa 11 jenis mempunyai keterawetan mudah, delapan jenis
sedang, tigajenis sukar dan satu jenis sangat sukar. Retensi yang dicapai pada
kayu dengan keterawetan sama sangat beragam sehingga dalam pengelompokan perlu
memperhatikan retensinya. Kayu yang dapat diawetkan bersama-sama adalah pulai
kongo, siban, kayu arang, gundang, nyaling, tusam, leban dan rambai punai;
penjalin. kayu gading dan salamander; kisereh, kapur. kibawang, mahoni dan suren: sengon
buto, kilemo dan telsai; lansat hutan, laban kapas dan laban tanduk; serta biti.
Kata kunci : keterawetan, proses sel penuh, retensi, penembusan dan CCB (tembaga-khrom boron)
KEBIJAKAN
PENGEMBANGAN AGRIBISNIS BAMBU
Info
Sosial Ekonomi, Vol. 2, No. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 11-28
Ringkasan
Dalam
jangka pendek hingga menengah kontribusi industri hasil hutan dalam perekonomian
nasional besar kemungkinan cenderung menurun selama kontribusi industri hasil
hutan bukan (non) kayu dan jasa hutan tidak dapat mengkompensasi berkurangnya
kontribusi industri kayu. Sebagai salah satu hasil hutan bukan kayu, bambu
memiliki peranan penting. Pengembangan
agribisnis bambu merupakan upaya strategis untuk meningkatkan kontribusi hasil
hutan bukan kayu. Namun demikian,
hasil kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa secara keseluruhan perkembangan kinerja
sistem agribisnis bambu masih jauh dari harapan.
Kinerja subsistem agibisnis hulu diindikasikan oleh lemahnya industri
perbenihan dan pembibitan, sementara subsistem usahatani oleh supply deficit.
Kinerja
subsistem pengolahan diindikasikan oleh bangkrutnya sebagian pengrajin dan
industri skala menengah,, sementara subsistem pemasaran oleh lemahnya daya saing
dan struktur pasar yang tidak efisien (monopoli; oligopoli). Kinerja subsistem
jasa pendukung diindikasikan oleh absennya kebijakan yang kondusif termasuk jasa
perkreditan dan asuransi serta penelitian dan pengembangan. Direkomendasikan
bahwa untuk mewujudkan pengembangan sistem agribisnis bambu yang bersifat
kerakyatan, berdaya saing, berkelanjutan, dan berdimensi otonomi daerah,
memerlukan adanya sosialisasi dan reorientasi kebijakan. Dari orientasi
kebijakan yang berpihak kepada kelompok masyarakat tertentu bergeser kepada
rakyat banyak yang berpenghasilan rendah; dari kebijakan peningkatan produksi
sebesar-besarnya ke kebijakan pengembangan wilayah pasar dan peningkatan daya
saing produk; dari kebijakan pengembangan bisnis semata-mata ke kebijakan
pengembangan bisnis yang bewawasan lingkungan; dan dari kebijakan sentralislik
ke kebijakan desentralistik sebagai perwujudan implementasi olonomi daerah.
Kata
kunci : sistem agribisnis, bambu, kerakyatan, daya saing, otonomi daerah.
114.
Satyawati
Hadi, Fitri Nurfatriani, M. Zahrul Muttaqin dan Erwidodo, 2001
STUDI
DAMPAK KRISIS MONETER TERHADAP KINERJA PENGELOLAAN TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG GEDE
PANGRANGO
Info
Sosial Ekonomi, Vol. 2, No. 2, Tahun 2001, pp 113-123
Ringkasan
Krisis
monster yang kemudian berkembang menjadi krisis multidimensi, telah berdampak
luas terhadap kehidupan berbangsa dan benegara, serta berdarnpak negatif
terhadap kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap pemerintah.
Pada sisi keuangan pemerintah, krisis yang terjadi sejak pertengahan
tahun 1997 mengakibatkan terbatasnya dana APBN yang berdampak pada salah
satunya, alokasi dana pembangunan taman nasional, termasuk di dalamnya Taman
Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango (TNGP). Studi
ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya dampak krisis terhadap alokasi
dana pembangunn TNGP serta implikasinya terhadap kinerja pengelolaannya.
Untuk mengetahui adanya dampak terhadap pengelolaan TNGP dilakukan dengan
menetapkan aspek, kriteria, dan indikator keberhasilan program-program
pengelolaan TNGP. Empat indikator
dampak krisis terhadap kinerja pengelolaan TNGP yaitu (1) Anggaran TNGP, (2)
Jumlah pengunjung TNGP, (3) Frekuensi gangguan TNGP dan (4) Frekuensi kegiatan
pengelolaan. Dari hasil studi
diperoleh gambaran mengenai kinerja pengelolaan TNGP sebelum dan selama
berlangsung yaitu (1) Nilai real pendanaan TNGP mengalami penurunan saat krisis
sebesar 23,2% pada tahun anggaran 1997/1998 dan sebesar 33,8% pada tahun
anggaran 1998/1999 sehingga diantisipasi dengan penyuntikan dana proyek padat
karya, (2) Situasi krisis tidak menurunkm jumlah pengunjung dari tahun 1996/1997
sampai dengan 1998/1999, (3) Sebesar 77,8% dari frekuensi gangguan terhadap
TNGP mengalami kecenderungan yang meningkat, (4) selama periode tahun 1995/1996
sampai dengan 1998/1999, diketahui bahwa 25% dari frekuensi kegiatan
pengelolaan TNGP mengalami kecenderungan yang konstan; 41,7% mengalami penurunan
dan 33,3% dari kegiatan pengelolaan mengalami kenaikan.
Kata
kunci : dampak krisis, taman nasional, pengelolaan, TNGP
KEMENYAN : ANTARA MISTERI, MANFAAT DAN UPAYA PELESTARIAN
Kemenyan merupakan komoditi spesifik Propinsi Sumatera Utara yang mempunyai
nilai mistik cukup lama dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Manfaat kemenyan selain untuk keperluan ritual masyarakat,
juga sebagai bahan baku industri rokok dan parfum dengan nilai ekonomis cukup
tinggi. Kemenyan dihasilkan dari
penyadapan pohon Styrax sp. yang
tumbuh baik secara alami maupun dibudidayakan oleh masyarakat terutama di
Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Kemenyan
Sumatera Utara dipasarkan baik lokal 80% ke P. Jawa maupun ekspor 20% ke
Malaysia dan Singapura. Pembudidayaan
kemenyan sebagai hasil hutan bukan kayu andalan pertu dikembangkan sebagai upaya
pelestarian dan membantu masyarakat petani kemenyan memperoleh keuntungan lebih
baik.
Kata kunci : kemenyan, misteri, manfaat, pelestarian
116.
Soetarso Priasukinana dan R.
Mohamad Mulyadin, 2001
PEMBANGUNAN
DESA WISATA : PELAKSANAAN UNDANG-UNDANG OTONOMI
DAERAH Motto : Back to Village, Act Locally, Think Globally
Info
Sosial Ekonomi, Vol. 2, No. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 37-44
Ringkasan
Undang-Undang
Otonomi Daerah (UU No. 22/99) diberlakukan mulai tahun 2000. Dalam Undang-Undang tersebut pembangunan akan lebih
difokuskan di daerah pedesaan, sehingga dengan demikian akan terjadi perubahan
sosial kemasyarakatan dari urbanisasi ke ruralisme (orang-orang kota senang/akan
pergi ke desa untuk berekreasi).
Departemen
Pariwisata telah membuat program yang disebut pola PIR (Pariwisata Inti Rakyat),
dengan mengembangkan pembangunan desa wisata. Dengan dikembangkannya pembangunan
desa wisata akan terjadi arus urbansiasi ke ruralisasi yang selama ini terjadi
karena pembangunan lebih banyak terjadi di daerah perkotaan, sehingga
orang-orang desa banyak pergi ke kota untuk mencari pekerjaan, dan kemudian
menetap di kota. Ruralisme artinya
: orang-orang kota senang pergi ke desa untuk berekreasi.
Dengan demikian akan terjadi pemerataan pembangunan sesuai dengan apa
yang dikehendaki GBHN tentang TRILOGI pembangunan, dimana salah satunya adalah
pemeraataan pembangunan. Dengan
dibangunnya desa wisata akan merubah wawasan dan pengetahuan serta kreativitas
orang-orang desa.
Untuk
dikembangkannya desa wisata, beberapa upaya yang perlu dilakukan, adalah :
1.
Diadakan bersifat seni, olah raga, dan sebagainya, sehingga desa tersebut
banyak dikunjungi penduduk desa lain.
2. Rapat-rapat Dinas Kabupaten sering diselenggarakan di desa wisata.
3. Diadakan keriasama dengan Universitas-Universitas yang menyelenggarakan
Kuliah Kerja Nyata.
4. Dipromosikannya
desa wisata tersebut yang lebih luas baik di dalam negeri maupun di luar negeri.
5. Dikembangkannya
kesenian dan kebudayaan asli daerah.
6. Mendidik dan melatih masyarakat setempat untuk SDM nya.
7. Mengembangkan kerajinan dan makanan asli daerah.
Buletin
Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol. 19 No. 4, Tahun 2001
Summary
The study was carried
out at a forest company in West Kalimantan in 2000.
The aim of the study is to know the effect of controlled and conventional
felling to residual stand damage and work productivity.
Data collected were:
felled and damaged trees, trees with diameter of 20 cm and up, diameter and
length of log, and felling time. The data was analyzed by t-test.
The results of the study showed :
1)
The average of residual stand
damaged is 7.05% for the controlled felling and 11.75 % for conventional
felling. This difference of 4.70%
is significant.
2)
The
average of work productivity were 17.462 m3/hr for the controlled
felling and 24.094 m3/hr for conventional felling. This difference of
6.632 m3/hr is highly significant.
Keywords : residual
stand damages, felling productivity, controlled felling technique, conventional
felling technique
Ringkasan
Penelitian telah dilakukan
pada tahun 2000 di satu perusahaan hutan di Kalimantan Barat. Tujuan penelitian
adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penebangan terkendali dan konvensional terhadap
kerusakan tegakan tinggal dan produktivitas kerja.
Data yang dikumpulkan
meliputi pohon yang ditebang, pohon yang rusak, seluruh pohon berdiameter 20 cm
ke atas, waktu tebang, diameter dan panjang kayu. Data dianalisis dengan
menggunakan uji-t.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa :
1)
Kerusakan
tegakan tinggal rata-rata untuk penebangan terkendali sebesar 7,05 % dan untuk
konvensional rata-rata sebesar 11,7%. Terjadi
penurunan sebesar 4,70 % bila teknik penebangan terkendali digunakan.
2)
Produktivitas kerja rata-rata untuk penebangan terkendali sebesar 17,462
m3/jam dan untuk konvensional rata-rata 24,094 m3/jam.
Terjadi penurunan sebesar 6,632 m3/jam bila teknik penebangan
terkendali digunakan.
Kata kunci : kerusakan tegakan
tinggal, produktivitas penebangan, teknik
penebangan terkendali, teknik penebangan konvensional.
118.
Sona Suhartana & Dulsalam, 2001
KERUSAKAN
TEGAKAN TINGGAL DAN PRODUKTIVITAS KERJA PADA TEBANG PENJARANGAN SECARA SELEKTIF;
KASUS DI SATU PERUSAHAAN HTI DI SUMATERA SELATAN (Residual stand damage and
work productivity in a selective thinning: a case study at a timber estate
company in South Sumatera)
Buletin
Penelitian Puslitbang Teknologi Hasil Hutan, Vol. 19 N0. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 9-17
Summary
The study was carried out at a timber estate company in South
Sumatera in 1999. The aim of the
study is to know the effect of selective thinning to residual stand damage and
work productivity.
Data
collected were : thinned and damaged trees; residual stand,. thinning time;
diameter and length of thinned trees. The
data was analyzed by tabulation.
The
results of the study showed that the average of residual stand damage and the
average of Work productivity in selective thinning are respectively 6.22% and
56.167 m3/hour.
Key words: selective thinning, residual stand damaged, work, productivity
Ringkasan
Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada tahun 1999 di satu
perusahaan HTI di Sumatera Selatan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui
pengaruh tebang penjarangan selektif terhadap kerusakan tegakan tinggal dan
produktivitas kerja.
Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi pohon yang
ditebang, pohon
yang rusak, tegakan tinggal, waktu tebang penjarangan, diameter dan panjang kayu
yang ditebang penjarangan. Data
diolah secara tabulasi.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerusakan tegakan
tinggal dan produktivitas kerja rata-rata akibat kegiatan tebang penjarangan
selektif masing-masing 6,22% dan 56,167 m3/jam.
Kata kunci : tebang penjarangan selektif, kerusakan tegakan tinggal, produktivitas kerja
EFFECT
OF RAW MATERIAL VARIABLES ON MICROWAVE VENEER
DRYING PROCESS
Forestry
Research Journal, Vol.
2 No.2 2001
At present, the
information on microwave veneer drying is very limited even though this
technology has many advantages. Therefore, the research on the effect of raw
material variables on microwave veneer drying process is needed to be done. The
experiment was conducted by laying veneer (Pine radiata D. Don) down into
a microwave drying equipment designed by Gregory Turgovnikov. The research
results showed that veneer (size 200 x 200 x 3 mm) can be dried by microwave
technology for 30 minutes and it reached moisture content of 11 % with
volumetric shrinkage of 8 %, and energy efficiency of 2.7 %. The low energy
efficiency may not be caused by raw material variables, such as size, thickness,
and initial moisture content of the veneer. One of possible causes might be due
to the way of veneer is placed on a flat (parallel) position toward the
microwave energy source so that most energy escapes and does not touch the
veneer surface directly. In order to test this hypothesis, it requires a further
research on the effect of different veneer positions toward the microwave
cavity.
Keywords
:
Microwave technology, Veneer drying, and Energy Efficiency.
120.
Subarudi dan
Satria Astana
ANALISIS NILAI TEGAKAN HUTAN ALAM (Analysis of Stiimpage Valuefor Natural Forest)
Jurnal
Sosial Ekonomi, Vol. 2 No. 1 (200 1) pp.
53 - 69
Abstract
Stumpage value (SV) is a minimum rent paid by the forest
haevesters (HPH) to the owner of the forest (Government).
The determination of SV is not only to.find an exact value, but also to
set the standards for taxes and retribution systems.
SV set by the Ministry of Forestry (MoF) from 1986 to 2000 is relatively
lower than its original value becaue the MoF does not care with the increasing
of the government's income. Therefor,,
the calculation of SV must use the FOB price of log and the result can be used
for provision of forest resource (PSDH) and reforestation fund (DR) A proposal
for replacing DR into Land and Building Tax (PBB) is really unrealistic because
the subtantive, budget allocation, and pattern of use for both the taxes are
highly diferrent. DR is used to financed all activities related to reforestation
and rehabilitation, whereas PBB is used for running the implementation of
government general tasks.
Keywords
: Stumpage Value, Retribution, Tax,
Fee, and Natural Forest Management
121.
Subarudi
dan Suwidji Basuki, 2001
SEBUAH
KONSEPSI : SISTEM KELEMBAGAAN SERTIFIKASI BENIH DAN BIBIT TANAMAN KEHUTANAN
Info
Sosial Ekonomi, Vol. 2, No. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 55-65
Ringkasan
Munculnya
beberapa perusahaan penghasil benih dan bibit tanaman kehutanan, tidak diikuti
dengan usaha untuk menerapkan sistem sertifikasi benih dan bibit tersebut.
Oleb karena itu kebutuhan sertifikasi benih dan bibit tersebut perlu
segera dibentuk oleh Departemen Kehutanan.
Tulisan
ini mencoba membuat konsep dan menguraikan institusi yang terlibat dalam
sertifikasi benih dan bibit tanaman kehutanan serta mengevaluasi pelaksanaan
dari tugas pokok yang diembannya. Hasil
evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa sertifikasi benih dan bibit tanaman kehutanan dapat
dilakukan oleh berbagai institusi yang berasal dari pemerintah pusat, pemerintah
daerah, dan pihak swasta yang mempunyai kapabilitas, kapasitas dan fasilitas
yang baik untuk melaksanakan tugas sertifikasi.
Situasi ini akan mampu menciptakan kompetisi yang "fair" bagi
institusi-institusi sertifikasi untuk memberikan pelayanan yang terbaik (mudah,
cepat, dan murah) kepada setiap pelanggannya.
Kata
kunci : sistem, kelembagaan, sertifikasi, benih dan bibit tanaman kehutanan
UPAYA PENYELAMATAN TAMAN NASIONAL KUTAI
Info
Sosial Ekonomi, Vol. 2, No. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 29-35
Ringkasan
Taman Nasional (TN) Kutai merupakan salah satu TN di
Indonesia yang kondisinya semakin hari semakin parah akibat perambahan,
pembabatan dan penjarahan kayu di dalam arealnya serta kurangnya perhatian dan
kesadaran dari Pemerintah Daerah setempat.
Banyak permasalah yang dihadapi datam pengelolaan TN Kulai diantaranya; (i) pembukaan dan pelebaran Jalan Samarinda
Bontang, (ii) penyerobotan dan
perambahan kawasan. (iii) penetapan Tempat Pembuangan Sampah Akhir (TPA),
penebangan liar dan pencurian kayu, dan (iv) keberadaan perusahaan penambangan
batu bara. Oleh karena itu,
langkah-langkah yang perlu diambil baik oleh Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah adalah.
(a) melakukan reevalusi kondisi TN Kulai, (b) merubah pola pengelolaan TN Kutai,
(c) melaksanakan pengawasan dan pengamanan TN Kutai, dan (d) memberikan sanksi
yang tegas dan keras.
Kata
kunci : upaya penyelamatan dan Taman Nasional Kutai.
STRATEGI
BALITBANG HUTBUN DALAM PENGELOLAAN LAND GRANT "MANAGEMENT" COLLEGES
Info
Sosial Ekonomi, Vol. 2, No. 2, Tahun 2001 , pp 67-76
Ringkasan
Land
Grant Colleges (LGC) diadopsi dari Amerika Serikat yang merupakan lahan
(berhutan) yang diberikan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia kepada lembaga-lembaga
riset, pendidikan dan pelatihan untuk mengembangkan kualitas sumber daya
manusia. Istilah LGC telah dirubah
menjadi LGMC (Land Grant Management Colleges) karena kata tersebut lebih tepat
dari segi substusi (sebuah pengelolaan lahan), segi ilmiah (lahan dikelola
dengan menggunakan riset ilmiah), dan segi hukum (pemilik lahan masih dipegang
oleh pemerintah).
Badan
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan dan Perkebunan (Badan Litbang) telah
menerima LGMC (dengan luas 40.000 ha di Sumatera Selatan), tetapi hingga saat
ini tidak ada usaha-usaha untuk mengelolanya.
Oleb karena itu, tulisan ini membahas beberapa strategi yang harus
dilakukan Badan Litbang untuk memanfaatkan secara optimal LGMC bagi
kegiatan-kegiatan riset dan pengembangannya.
Ada 6
(enam) strategi yang harus dipertimbangkan dan dilakukan oleh Badan Litbang,
meliputi: (1) pembuatan rencana pengelolaan LGMC sesegera mungkin, (2)
melakukan kegiatan- kegiatan yang
mendukung langkah operasional pemanfaatan LGMC, (3) mengembangkan infrastruktur
dan fasilitas LGMC, (4) merekrut tenaga-tenaga yang bekerja pada LGMC, (5)
merancang sistem administrasi LGMC, dan (6) membangun sistein pengawasan
terhadap pengelolan LGMC.
Kata kunci : strategi, land grant management colleges, manajemen, pengelolaan
RISET
ITU MAHAL : MAJANEMEN RISET SANGAT DIPERLUKAN
Info
Sosial Ekonomi, Vol. 2, No. 2, Tahun 2001, pp 87-95
Ringkasan
Berita-berita
di surat kabar tentang keluhan masyarakat terhadap kinerja lembaga-lembaga riset
nasional dapat diterima secara logis karena kegiatan riset itu membutuhkan biaya
yang besar sehingga lembaga riset memerlukan informasi yang mendasar tentang
keterkaitan antara riset, ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi sebagai dasar untuk
mewujudkan visi dan misinya.
Disamping
itu diperlukan juga suatu sistem evaluasi kinerja dari lembaga riset yang memang
belum pernah dirancang oleh lembaga yang berwenang sehingga untuk pembuatan
sistem tersebut dapat meniru dan mengembmgkan dari Sistem Akreditasi Perguruan
Tinggi yang dibuat oleh Departemen Pendidikan Nasional sehingga hal ini akan
membuka peluang kompetisi yang adil dan merata untuk semua lembaga riset untuk
meningkatkan ranking kualitas lembaganya secara nasional, regional dan
international.
Dalam
rangka mengantisipasi penerapan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 25 Tahun 2000,
dimana kegiatan pendidikan dan penelitian menjadi kewenangan pemerintah daerah,
dan perkembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Abad 21, setiap lembaga riset
dituntut untuk mulai memikirkan posisi dan restrukturisasi lembaganya yang
kemudian dilanjutkan dengan penyediaan perangkat keras dan lunaknya sebagai
upaya meningkatkan produktivitas dan kinerja lembaganya di masa mendatang.
Kata
kunci : riset, ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, manajemen riset, perang keras dan
lunak dan parameter
125. Sudin Panjaitan dan Heru Sutikno
ANALISIS
EKONOMI PENEBANGAN DENGAN METODE TEBANG RUMPANG PADA PENGELOLAAN HUTAN ALAM
PRODUKSI (An Economic Analysis of Gap Simulation Cutting System in
Natural Production Forest Management)
Buletin
Teknologi BTR Banjarbaru No.7 hal 26-34 Th 2001
The
objective of this study was to analyze economic feasibility on the application
of gap simulation cutting system by comparing with TPTI system.
The research was conducted in PT. Hutan
Kintap (South Kalimantan), PT. Tanjung
Raya and PT. Inhutani 111 (Central Kalimantan).
Analysis methods used in this study were Net Present Value (NPV), Revenue
Cost Ratio (RCR), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) with time period of 30 years.
The result of this research showed that gap simulation cutting system has
better economic feasibility than that of TPTI system.
The unwillingness of the companies to apply this system are due to lower
financial value than that of TPTI system.
Keywords
: economic
analysis,
gap simulation cutting, TPTI System, production natural forest management
126.
Sukresno, Agung B. Supangat, dan Mastur
EVALUASI
DAMPAK KEBAKARAN HUTAN TERHADAP PERUBAHAN SIFAT-SIFAT FISIK DAN KIMIA TANAH
Buletin
Teknologi BTP DAS Surakarta, Nomor VII, 2, 2001
Wild
fires that influenced forest fire in Indonesia are known to be associated with
drought cycle caused by El-Nino event. Forest fire during dry months in 1997
mainly at forest plantation estate (HTI) area in East Kalimantan was also
associated with El-Nino occurrence. The impact of forest fire not only damaged
the forest stands but also causes considerable environmental problem, e.g., soil
degradation. The study objective was to evaluate the impact of forest fire on
soil characteristics changes at HTI area in PT. IHM, Penajam subdistrict, Pasir
district, East Kalimantan province. The study was using comparative method to
evaluate the different soil characteristics between soil under ex-HTI area
burned in 1997 and soil under unburned HTI. The study was conducted in 1999 or
two years after forest fire, The results indicate that forest fire at ex-HTI
land area in 1997 have reduced the soil bulk density, soil porosity, water
availability, organic matter content (OM) and C soil. This in turn reduce soil
infiltration rate, therefore increases runoff water.
The final product is soil erosion.
Keywords
: El-Nino, forest fire, soil characteristics, plantation forest, East
Kalimantan
127.
Sukresno,
Ugro H Murtiono, dan Paimin
EVALUASI
DAMPAK KEBAKARAN HUTAN TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK HIDROLOGI DAS PADA AREAL HTI PT.
IHM-KALIMANTAN TIMUR (The Evaluation of
forest Fire Impact on Watershed Hydrological Characteristics
on HTI Area of PT. IHM-East Kalimantan)
Fire
as one type of forest disturbances has been known influenced changes of
watershed environment condition. The effect time of the forest fire disturbance
on hydrological condition changes are influenced by many factors. To study, the
impact of forest fire in 1997 on hydrological condition changes at forest
plantation estate (HTI) area at PT. ITCI Hutani Manunggal, Penajam sub district
associated with, Pasir district, East Kalimantan province, mainly at Sepaku
subwatershed with an area of 950 ha, was evaluated using a unit hydrograph
analysis. The hydrological parameters of unit hydrograph are runoff volume (Q),
peakflow (qp), time to peak (tp), and time base (tb). The HTI area were consist
of Paraserianthes falcataria (sengon) planted in 1991/1992 (71%), Eucalyptus
deglupta planted in 1993/1994 and 1994/1995 (29%).
Almost 98% of sub watershed was burned in 1997/1998. Some of Eucalyptus
deglupta burned in 1997/1998 (10%) has been rehabilitated using Acacia mangium
stand in 1998. The results indicate that forest fire has influenced in : a)
increasing direct runoff volume (Q) by 71%, b) increasing pekflow (qp) by 82%,
and c) faster time to peak (tp); and d) although the forest fire was occurred in
two years before, there has still had an impact on hydrological characteristics
however in 1999 the impact tend to come again in the previous condition.
Keywords
:
forest fire, Hydrological characteristics, runoff volume, peak
flow, time to
peak, time base, forest plantation, HTI
APLIKASI
NPK ORGANIK KONSENTRAT (Slow Release) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN STEK MURBEI (Morus
alba) PADA MEDIA CAMPURAN GAMBUT DAN SERBUK GERGAJI (The
application of NPK organic concentrate "Slow release" on the growth of
Morus alba cutting in mixed peat soils and sawdust media)
Buletin
BPK P Siantar Vol.17 No.1 Th 2001 hal. 23-32
This
research was about the application of NPK Organic Concentrate fertilizer on the
growth of murbei (morus alba) cutting on mixed peat soils and sawdust media in 3
months. The NPK Organic Consentrate
used consist of green giant NPK 5 gr, 1 0 gr and 15 gr respectively for each
cutting. Data was analyzed with Randomized Compleks Design.
The parameter measured were length of budding, branching diameter, total
of leaf area of leaf length of root and the weight of root in air dry.
The result showed that green giant NPK of.15 gr/plant has significant
influence to the growth of the length of budding.
Meanwhile its influence toward the branching diameter, total of leaf area
of leaf length of root and the weight of root in air dry has not significant
effect.
Keywords : NPK organic, murbei, peat
NILAI
DAN DAYA GUNA PENANAMAN POHON TENGKAWANG (SHOREA
spp.) DI KALIMANTAN (The Value and
Benefit of Tengkawang Tree (Shorea
spp.) Plantation in Kalimantan
Island)
Buletin
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Vol.2, No. 1, Th. 2001
Biji
tengkawang (Borneo Illipe nut) merupakan salah satu Hasil Hutan Bukan Kayu (HHBK)
yang penting sebagai bahan baku lemak nabati. Karena sifatnya yang khas, lemak
tengkawang berharga lebih tinggi dibanding minyak nabati lain seperti minyak
kelapa, dan digunakan sebagai bahan pengganti minyak coklat, bahan lipstik,
minyak makan dan bahan obat-obatan. Di Indonesia terdapat sekitar 13 jenis pohon
penghasil yang tersebar terutama di Kalimantan dan sebagian kecil di Sumatera.
Tulisan ini mengupas jenis penghasil, produksi dan proses ekstraksi biji
tengkawang serta keunggulan nilai penanamannya. Penanaman tengkawang sudah
saatnya dilaksanakan terutama di Kalimantan mengingat pohon tersebut merupakan
pohon khas Kalimantan dan bijinya bernilai tinggi, Seperti diketahui sampai
sekarang biji tengkawang dipungut dari pohon tengkawang tumbuh di hutan alam.
Sebagai hasil tambahan bila produksi biji telah menurun, kayunya dapat
dipungut untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai salah satu jenis kayu bernilai tinggi yang
banyak diminati baik untuk penghara industri kayu lapis maupun industri kayu
gergajian.
Kata kunci : biji tengkawang, Kalimantan, nilai guna, pohon penghasil, penanaman
Tengkawang kernel (Borneo illipe nut) is one of the famous Non- Wood Forest Products (NWFP), it is a resource of an importance vegetable fat. Due to the unique properties, tengkawang fat has higher value comparing to the other vegetable oils such as coconut or palm oil. It is suitable to use it as a cocoa butter substitute, as lipstick base-material, and medicine as well. There are more than 13 species of tengkawang tree in Indonesia, mainly grown in Kalimantan and afew in Sumatera. This paper deals with the resource species, post harvesting, extraction methods and the need for its plantation. Tengkawang species has to be cultivated soon, especially in Kalimantan as the resource of a valuable tengkawang kernel that up to now just harvested from the natural forest. At the end of kernel production period, the trees can be cut to produce valuable timber for plywood and sawn timber industries.
Keywords : tengkawang kernel, Kalimantan, benefit, tree resource, plantation
130.
Suwardi Sumadiwangsa
& Dendi Setyawan
KONSEPSI
STRATEGI PENELITIAN HASIL HUTAN BUKAN KAYU DI INDONESIA (Research
Strategic Concept on Non- Wood Forest Product in Indonesia)
Buletin
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Vol.2, No. 2, Th. 2001
Paradigma
baru sektor kehutanan memandang hutan sebagai sistem sumberdaya yang bersifat
multi fungsi, multi guna dan memuat multi kepentingan serta pemanfaatannya
diarahkan untuk mewujudkan sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat. Paradigma ini
makin menyadarkan kita bahwa produk hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK) merupakan
salah satu sumber daya hutan yang memiliki keunggulan komparatif dan paling
bersinggungan dengan masyarakat sekitar hutan.
HHBK terbukti dapat memberikan dampak pada peningkatan penghasilan
masyarakat sekitar hutan dan memberikan kontribusi yang berarti bagi penambahan
devisa negara.
Untuk
menjawab paradigma baru sektor kehutanan, isu strategist tantangan dan peluang
bagi pembangunan sumberdaya yang tersedia; perlu dibuat suatu konsepsi/inovasi
strategi penelitian HHBK Indonesia. Bagi keperluan dunia penelitian dan
pengambil keputusan konsepsi ini dapat dimanfaatkan dalam rangka penyusunan
rencana jangka pendek, menengah dan panjang pembangunan produk HHBK Indonesia.
Tujuannya adalah pemberdayaan dan peningkatan sumberdaya hutan, ekonomi rakyat
dan peningkatan devisa bagi negara.
Keluaran
dari konsepsi/inovasi strategi penelitian HHBK Indonesia adalah sebuah program
penelitian HHBK yang dapat digunakan sebagai acuan dalam melaksanakan penelitian
untuk menghasilkan teknologi tepat guna baik berupa insentif maupun
diversifikasi. Kegiatan ini diharapkan dapat mengakomodasi seluruh permasalahan
produk HHBK (inventarisasi, budidaya, produktivitas, mutu, dan diversifikasi
produk, sosial ekonomi, pemberdayaan masyarakat, peraturan/perundangan, dan
diversifikasi sosial-ekonomi). Dampaknya akan bermuara pada penyediaan teknologi,
pembangunan ekonomi, pemberdayaan sosio-budaya, pelaksanaan aspek pelestarian,
dan peningkatan pandangan positif terhadap produk HHBK Indonesia.
Kata kunci : hasil butan bukan kayu, konsepsi, strategi, penelitian HHBK, paradigma baru, keluaran
The
new paradigm in forestry regards forest as a multi-purpose and multi-benefit
resources system that contains multi-interest so that their utilization must be
aimed at increasing the welfare of local community.
This paradigm reminds us that non-woodforest products (NWFPs) have quite
high comparative advantages and most closely related to local community.
It has been proved that NWFPs can increase local community incomes and
provide foreign exchange for the state.
To
put the paradigm in effect, the strategic issues, challenges and opportunities
of NWFPs development need to be formulated into a Research Strategy Concept (RSC).
This strategy concept can be used by both researchers and authorities in
formulating short, medium and long term plans of NWFP development in Indonesia.
The objectives are to improve the resources, local community economy and
foreign exchange.
The output of the RSC is a well formulated research program of NWFPs which is used as a guidance in conducting research to produce appropriate technology both for product incentive and diversification. The activities are expected to cover all NWFPs problems related to inventory, cultivation, productivity, quality, product diversification, socio-economy, community empowering, regulations, and socio-economic diversification. The ultimate impact is the provision of appropriate technology, economic development, socio-cultural improvement, sustaining practices and improving positive image of lndonesian NWFPs.
Keywords : non-wood forest products, research strategy, NWFP research, new paradigm, output
PENGARUH
JENIS DAN KONSENTRASI HORMON TERHADAI PERTUMBUHAN STEK RAMIN (Gonystylus
bancanus Kurz) ( The effect of some
growth Regulators and concentrations ) on Growth of Stem Cutting of Ramin (Gonystylus
bancanus Kurz)
Buletin
BPK P Siantar Vol.17 No.1 Th 2001 hal. 57-70
This
research deals with the effect of several growth regulator of different
concentration on the growth of ramin stem cutting.
Treatment by 500 ppm IBA has a bigger sprouting percentage than by IAA
and NAA in the same concentration and also by IBA, IAA and NAA in other
concentration (0 ppm, 1 000 ppm and 2000 ppm).
Keywords
: Ramin, IBA, IAA, NAA
TAKSONOMI
DAN POTENSI JENIS ROTAN ENDEMIK (Calamus occidentalis J.R. Witono &
J. Dransfield) DI TAMAN NASIONAL UJUNG KULON, JAWA BARAT (Taxonomy and
Potency of Endemic Rattan Species (Calamus occidentalis JR.
Witono & J. Dransfield) in Ujung Kulon National Park, West Java)
Buletin
Penelitian Hutan, Puslitbang Hutan & KA, No. 625 Tahun 2001, pp 43
Summary
Among
the 25 rattan species found in Java, two are endemic.
Calamus occidentalis is one of such two endemic found only in West Java.
Part of the exploration activities in botanical research division is
conducting field observation on its potency and distribution.
Studies concerning the taxonomy and potency of the endemic species had
been carried out in Ujung Kulon National Park Preliminary result on species
inventory done in the south part of Ujung
Kulon areas showed a high potency of this
species. Standards methods of
inventory development by Curtis (in Muller and Dumbois and Ellenberg, 1974) were
used to obtain data on its density and frequency.
Data were collected from July 1997 and further analyzed to predict its
potential sources. The illustration
is referred species were described and identified in Forest Botany Herbarium in
Forest Research and Nature Conservation and Development Center, Herbarium
Bogorience of Indonesian Science Institute, both locates in Bogor. It is hoped
that result of this study could significantly contribute in term of conservation
effort on rattan species and dissemination of information regarding rattan
aspect to other users.
Keywords : taxonomy, potency, Calamus occidentalis, Ujung Kulon National Park, West Java
133.
Tjatur Amperawati,
Elizabeth Sapulete
ANDALAS
(Morus macroura Miq): Jenis Potensial
Surnatera Barat Yang Belum Dimanfaatkan
KONIFERA
No.1 hal 1-6 th 2001
Ringkasan
Andalas
(Morus macroura Miq) merupakan salah
satu jenis pohon hutan yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan.
Kayunya berat, kuat, dan keras tetapi mudah dibedakan.
Pohon Andalas yang berumur tua kayunya hampir mirip atau sulit di bedakan
dengan kayu jati. Kayu Andalas
banyak dimanfaatkan untuk tiang balok, papan lantai, mimbar masjid, etalase
serta bahan baku mebel. Populasinya
di lapangan sudah sangat terbatas dan hanya ditemukan pada beberapa lokasi di
Sumatera Barat. Pohon Andalas
tumbuh di hutan-hutan primer, sekunder dan bahkan tumbuh di areal kebun
masyarakat, pada ketinggian 900 - 1600 m dpi
dengan jenis tanah berpasir dan tanah liat
Kata
kunci : Kayu Andalas, Morus macroara, potensi, Sumatera Barat.
PENYADAPAN,PENGOLAHAN
DAN TATA NIAGA GETAH
JELUTUNG DI JAMBI
KONIFERA
No.1 hal 7-12 th 2001
Ringkasan
Salah
satu
hasil hutan bukan kayu yang cakup potensial untuk dikernbangkan adalah getah
jelutung. Propinsi Jambi merupakan
salah satu daerah sentra getah jelutung dengan tujuan ekspor.
Dikarenakan esploitasi pohon jelutung di hutan alam yang makin ekstensif
jenis ini populasinya mulai berkurang. Akibatnya
volume dan nilai ekspor getah jelutung menurun drastis di tahun 1999 (138.970 kg
: US$ 55,342.00) dibanding tahun-tahun sebelumnya; tahun 1998: 407.650 kg dengan
nilai US$ 203,200.42 dan tahun 1997:478.475 kg dengan nilai US$ 466,452.56.
Sehubungan dengan itu jenis ini perlu dilestarikan dan dikembangkan/dibudidayakan
antara lain melalui program Hutan Tanaman Industri dapat menghasilkan getah dan
kayu. Pola tata niaga jelutung di
Jambi cukup sederhana. Saluran
pemasaran hanya melibatkan 2 atau 3 pelaku
bisnis, yaitu petani/ penyadap, pedagang pengumpul dan pedagang besar/eksportir.
Kata kunci : pohon Jelutung, getah, Jambi
SIFAT
FISIS DAN MEKANIS 4 (EMPAT) KLON KAYU KARET (The physical and mechanical
properties of four clones of rubberwood)
Buletin
BPK P Siantar Vol.17 No.1 Th 2001 hal. 71-80
This
paper studied the physical and mechanical properties of four clones of
rubberwood from Sumatera Utara i.e. GT I,.
PR 107,- LH 1 and AVROS 2037. The
results showed that : The physical and mechanical properties of four clones of
rubberwood are sufficiently different. Shrinkage
from green to air dry condition
along langensial direction was considered high ( 2.5% - 3.5% )for LHI ; medium
(1.5% - 2.5%) for GTI,. PR 107 and
AVROS 2037. Using data on average
air dry specific gravity, modulus of repture in bending and maximum crushing
strength in compression parallel to grain, the strength class (DEN BERGER, 1923)
has been worked out and were found to be II gor GT I and III for LH I, PR 107
and AVROS 2037.
Keywords
: Rubberwood,. clone, GT I, LHI,
PR 107, AVROS 2037
136.
Totok
Mei Untarto, Mahfudz, Bugris Yafid and Gesang Setyadi, 2001
KERAGAMAN
JENIS TERUMBU KARANG DI PULAU ROSWAR TAMAN NASIONAL TELUK CENDERAWASIH (Diversity
of Coral Reefs in Roswar Island, Marine National Park of Teluk Cenderawasih)
Buletin
Penelitian BPK Manokwari, Vol. 6 No.1 Tahun. 2001, pp 10
Summary
Research
on coral reefs diversity had been conducted in Roswar island Marine National
Park of Teluk Cendrawasih September
1997. Objective of the Research is to get information about potency and
diversity of coral reefs that can be used as based data for managing Marine
National Park of Teluk Cendrawasih in the future Line Intercept tracts is the
method, which is used for measuring community and life form of corals. Diving
along transect line is they way of collecting data. Observation area is divided
into three locations that representing whole observation area. Research result
should that there are 168 jenis of corals in Roswar Island, and this have high
Potency to be developed as marine tourism. The average of life corals coverage
is 49,95% can be classified as medium. The percentage of dead corals reefs
between 26,77%-42,01% indicated that there exploitation of marine resource by
using bomb and poison. As a whole corals reefs in Roswar Island with average of
life coral coverage is 49,95% can be classified into medium degradation.
Keywords
: Coral Reefs, Roswar Island, Marine
National Park of Teluk Cendrawasih, Life Coral Coverage, Dead Coral Coverage
137.
Triyono
Puspitojati, 2001
SISTEM
PEMANTAUAN PRODUKSI DAN PEREDARAN KAYU DI
ERA OTONOMI DAERAH
Info
Sosial Ekonomi, Vol. 2, No. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 45-54
Ringkasan
Sistem
pemantauan produksi dan peredaran kayu secara self assessment yang berlaku saat
ini perlu dirubah karena tidak efektif mengatasi kayu ilegal dan tidak sesuai
dengan kebijakan otonomi daerah. Di
era otonomi, setiap daerah mempunyai kewenangan untuk menyusun dan melaksanakan
kegiatan pemantauan sendiri dengan menggunakan biaya sendiri yang berasal dari
dana perimbangan keuangan pemerintah pusat dan daerah sektor kehutanan.
Dana perimbangan (provinsi sumber daya hutan dan dana reboisasi - PSDH-DR)
hanya untuk daerah penghasil kayu bulat dan pemerintah pusat, sedangkan daerah
pemasaran kayu bulat tidak memperoleh langsung dana perimbangan dari kayu bulat
yang masuk ke wilayahnya Hal ini dapat menyebabkan pemantauan peredaran kayu
bulat dan pengenaan PSDH-DR di daerah pemasaran kayu tidak seintensif sebelum
era otonomi daerah. Karena itu,
lokasi pengenaan PSDH-DR harus dialihkan dari daerah pemasaran kayu ke daerah
penghasil kayu, dan mengingat maraknya kayu ilegal maka sistem pemantauan
pengenaan PSDH-DR sebaiknya dilakukan secara official assessment Sebagai
konsekuesinya, sistem pemantauan produksi dan peredaran kayu bulat juga harus
dirubah dari self assessment menjadi official assessment dengan fokus pemantauan
di daerah penghasil kayu.
Kata
kunci: sistem pemantauan, kayu bulat, otonomi daerah
138.
Tyas Mutiara Basuki dan Asep Sukmana
PERANAN
KEBUN KOTA DALAM MENGURANGI POLUTAN (The
role of city garden in reducing pollutan)
Buletin
BPK P Siantar Vol.17 No.1 Th 2001 hal. 1-8
The
increasing vehicles reflects an economic development, but it also creates
environment problems. The fuel
combution of the vehicles causes pollution.
A natural way to preverent or to reduce pollution is by planting trees.
In order to get information the role of afforestation tress in R 7educing
pollution and noise, a study was conducted in Medan.
In the study, four locations were selected.
Sudirman and Brigjen Katomso streets represented the areas having dense
traffic and afforestation trees. For the location having dense traffic without
afforestation trees representing by MT. Haryono
and Ir. H. Juanda Baru streets.
The Result of the study showed that a city garden planting by
afforestation trees could reduce C02 lead (Pb), dust in the air and
reduced noise. Among the studied
tree species in Sudirman streets, the highest content of lead in leave was found
is S. macrophylla.
Keywords
:
pollution, Afforestation, C02, Pb,
dust,
noise
139. Ucup Hidayat dan Abdullah Syarief Mukhtar
KAJIAN
KEANEKARAGAMAN MAKROZOOBENTOS INVERTEBRATA SEBAGAI BIOINDIKATOR KUALITAS AIR
DANAU LIDO (Study of Invertebrata Macrozoobentitic Diversit as Bioindicator
for Lido Lake Water Quality)
Buletin
Penelitian, P3H&KA, No. 626 Th. 2001
Invertebrata
Macrozoobenthic is the animal classified as an invertebrate which has the size
bigger than one mm and lives at the
bottom of shallow of deep aquatic zone.
This
research was aimed to observe the diversity for benthic species as biological
indicators for water quality of Lido Lake such as. (a) benthic community
structure, (b) occurrence and distribution of benthic, (c) monitoring of species
diversity, (d) benthic species, (e) simililarty index and (f) dominance index.
The
result indicated,that for species diversity indices "Shannon- Wiener "
in Lido Lake varies between 1, 38 and 3,19.
According to Wilhm (1975) this values is considered as light to moderate
pollution. The Morisita indices is 0,00 - 8,00, classified as uniform to
crimped. The species similarity is high and has no dominant species.
According to environmental quality indices from Ott (1978), the water
quality of Lido Lake is considered as moderate.
Keywords : Makrozoobentos Invertebrata, keanekaragaman, bioindikator, kualitas air, Danau Lido
140.
Ugro Hari Murtiono, Sukresno, dan Irfan Budi.
P
Hydrologic
modeling has been developing and it is usefull for basic data in managing water
resources. The aim of the research is to develop empirical hydrologic model in
karst formation especially factors influencing maksimum runoff.
Multiple regression is used to data analyze.
The
result shows that (Y) = - 26.715 + 167.412 X1 + 1.0646 X2
- 7.932 X3 + 255.764 X4 -30.812 X5 + 449.824 X6
+ 218.028 X7 . where Y = maximum runoff (mm), X1 = maximum
rainfall intensity (mm/hour), X2 = catchment area (ha), X3
= catchment shape coefficient , X4, X5, X6, and
X7 is percentage of forest area (%), percentage of dry land area (%),
percentage of paddy field area (%), and percentage of terrace area (%)
espectively.
In
order to induce water resources, factors influencing maximum runoff in the model
can be changed the model can be applied only in karst formation.
Keywords : maximum runoff, multiple regression, karst formation
PENGARUH
INOKULASI ISOLAT RHIZOBIUM DAN PEMUPUKAN FOSFOR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN ANAKAN
SENGON BUTO (Enterolobium cyclocarpum Griseb)
(Effect
of Inoculation of Rhizobium Isolate and Phospor Fertilizer on the Growth of
Enterolobium cyclocarpum Griseb Seedling)
Buletin
Teknologi Reboisasi BTR Banjarbaru No.6 hal
15-26 th 2001
Summary
The
Family of Legum has great utilization potential in tropical agriculture
particularly in livestock production as a protein source and increasing soil
fertility, due to its capability to fixed atmospheric nitrogen.
Response
of Enterelobium cyclocarpum on several rhizobiurn's innoculations and
application of phospate fertilizer was studied.
Inoculation of Rhizobium (Ec 0295, Ec 0495, Ec 0695, Ec 0895, Ec 1095 and
Ec 1295) resulted significantly higher dry weight of root nodule and ratio of
top-root. On the other hand, the
effect of rhizobium inoculation on height, diameter and biomass was not
significant.
Triple
Super Phosfat (TSP) fertilizer gave significant effect on the dry weight of
root, but parameters did not effect significantly.
This case might be due to the
Keywords : Rhizobium, Enterelobium cyclocarpum, triple super phospat
142.
Wesman
Endom & Zakaria Basari, 2001
PERBANDINGAN
PENYARADAN KAYU DENGAN SISTIM MANUAL DAN EKSAVATOR DI HUTAN RAWA BAGIAN III :
KAJIAN TEKNIS, EKONOMIS DAN EKOLOGIS (Comparation of manual and Excavator Log
Extraction System in Swamp Forest Part III: Study on Technical, Economical and
Ecological Study)
Buletin
Penelitian Puslitbang Teknologi Hasil Hutan, Vol. 19 N0. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 19-39
Summary
Modified
excavator is one of heavy equipment that might be useful and environmentally
friendly to be used for operational logging extraction especially in swamp
forest. It is therefore besides
convenient and powerful, it is also helpful as an effective alternative in
anticipating the weakness of manual system which is called "kuda-kuda'.
Related
to the case, a study by implementing both manual system and excavator uws done
in a forest concession, i.e. PT.
Inti Prona, at cutting black covering the 1997/1998 area that located
under management of Sub Forest District Dumai, Riau Province. The Study covered
aspects of extraction productivity, extraction cost, and logging impact on the
possible damage of residual forest stands due to the implementation of both
systems.
The
result showed that the average of logs extraction productivity was 16.80 m3 hm
per hour. With respect to the
ecological impacts, it was found that residual forest stand damage occurred at
17,29% per ha (at pole stage) and 17,17 % per ha (at tree stage).
Further, operation cost hauling was assessed at Rp 5,600 per m3 of
extracted log.
Meanwhile,
manual log extraction mimed productivity at 2,46 m3.hm per hour. Ecological
impact due ton constrictions of manual road extraction system and landing site
(TPn). Was the occurrence of damage to pole and tree stages at 28,25% and
34,33%, respectively. In the same
occasion, cost of manual extraction was about Rp 23.000 per m3.
Keywords
: excavator, productivity, damage, tree, poles and extraction cost
Ringkasan
Penggunaan
mesin eksavator yang telah dimodifikasi untuk kegiatan penyaradan kayu bundar di
hutan produksi alam alam tanah rawa merupakan salah satu alternatif yang cukup
efektif dalam menanggulangi kelemahan kinerja pengeluaran kayu yang saat ini
banyak dilakukan dengan sistem kuda-kuda. Penelitian penggunaan mesin eksavator
ini dilakukan di perusahaan HPH PT. Inti Prona blok rencana karya tahun
1997/1998 yang berada di wilayah kerja Cabang Dinas Kehutanan Dumai, Dinas
Kehutanan Propinsi Riau.
Obyek
penelitian meliputi produktivitas kerja, biaya penyaradan dan dampak kerusakan
terhadap tegakan tinggal dari kedua sistem tersebut. Hasil pengamatan
terhadap penggunaan mesin eksavator yang dimodifikasi menunjukkan bahwa hasil
kinerja penyaradan mencapai sebesar 16,80 m3.hm per jam. Dampak ekologis yang
menyebabkan kerusakan terhadap tingkat tiang terjadi sebesar 17,29% per ha dan
untuk tingkat pohon 17,17% per ha, sedangkan biaya operasi mencapai Rp 5.560 per
m3.
Untuk
penyaradan secara manual, produkhvitas kerjanya mencapai 2,46 m3 hm per jam.
Dampak ekologis akibat pembuatan jalan ongkak dan tempat pengumpulan kayu (TPn)
mengakibatkan kerusakan tingkat tiang rata-rata 28,25% per ha dan tingkat pohon
34,33% per ha. Biaya operasinya mencapai Rp. 23.000 per m3.
Kata kunci : Eksavator, produktivitas kerja, kerusakan pohon, tiang dan biaya penyaradan
143.
Wesman
Endom and Zakaria Basari, 2001
KLASIFIKASI
KERUSAKAN TEGAKAN TINGGAL, EROSI
TANAH HUTAN DAN IKLIM MIKRO UNTUK
PENETAPAN AMBANG BATAS DALAM PEMANENAN
TEBANG PILIH DI HUTAN ALAM (Classification
on the damages of residual forest stands, erosion of forest soil, and
deteriorating micro climate for determining threshold of logging impact
employing selective cutting in natural forest)
Buletin
Penelitian Hasil Hutan, Vol. 19 No.2 Tahun 2001, pp 69-88
Summary
The
logging impact on wood harvesting operation at natural forest is an important
element that should be pay attention by all people to get sustainable forest
management. This information is
needed in order the forest damaged can be maintained to achieve health forest
recovery of the logged forest area and high potency, so we can do the next
harvest with a similar volume and quality or oven more.
That is our hope and sustain continuously.
To
achieve this, the criteria and size of threshold forest damages is required.
There is 3 main group of damages to be known i.e. threshold of residual
stand damage, threshold of forest soil damage and threshold of micro climate.
Based
on consideration that in the reality in general was found logging impact still
high so because globally in the world asking logging with friendly it is essential to provide a limit of forest damage.
Some activities that may produce heavy forest damage was road
construction, felling, skidding and log yard establishment.
Key
words : impact of logging operation, valuation, threshold, sustainable forest
management
Ringkasan
Dampak
negatif akibat kegiatan pemanenan kayu di hutan alam merupakan salah satu elemen
yang perlu mendapat keperdulian semua pihak, karena prinsip ini memiliki arti
penting untuk mendukdng terlaksananya keberlanjutan pengelolaan hutan secara
restart. informasi tersebut sangat diperlukan dengan tujuan agar dengan tingkat
kerusakan yang timbul, diharapkan dapat terbentuk kembali hutan alam campuran
bekas tebangan yang sehat dengan potensi tinggi, sehingga pada siklus pemanenan
yang telah ditetapkan berikutnya, kayu dan hasil lainnya bisa dipanen lagi
dengan volume dan kualitas serupa atau bahkan lebih besar.
Demikian seterusnya.
Dalam
upaya itu, maka dipandang pertu ditetapkan kriteria dan ukuran ambang batas
toleransi kerusakan yang diperkenankan. Ada
3 kelompok utama ambang batas kerusakan yang dinilai penting yaitu ambang batas
terhadap kerusakan tegakan tinggal, ambang batas terhadap kerusakan fisik tanah
hutan dan ambang batas terhadap iklim mikro.
Mengingat
kenyataan di lapangan bahwa dampak negatif pemanenan secara umum ditemukan masih
cukup tinggi, maka di alam dunia global yang menuntut lebih diperhatikannya
pemanenan ramah lingkungan, keberadaan pembatasan tingkat kerusakan sangat
diperlukan. Adapun beberapa kegiatan utama yang menjadi penyebab utama yang
menjadi penyebab tingginya kerusakan antara lain ialah pembuatan sarana dan
prasarana jalan, penebangan dan penyaradan kayu dan pembuatan tempat pengumpulan
kayu sementara (TPn).
Kata kunci : dampak pemanenan hutan, penilaian, ambang batas, pengelolaan hutan secara lestari
Forestry Research Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2001
Seed rain observation on dipterocarps and some non-dipterocarps was conducted in a logged-over forest at Kintap, South Kalimantan, from February 1992 to March 1993. The study was aimed at determining monthly fluctuations of the seed rain, coherent with the composition of the dipterocarps occurring in the site studied.
Twelve
seed traps of rectangular wooden trays were put in every plot of 50 m x 50 m,
each tray was randomly placed in alternate subplot of
10 m by 10 m. A total of 228 traps were placed in 19 plots (divided into
Blocks A-F) in January 1992. The first seed collection was done in February
1992, and every month for 14 months
thereafter. The number of seeds collected was
recorded and all dipterocarps and several non-dipterocarps seeds were
identified.
The
study resulted 4534 seeds (equivalent to 79 seeds per m2) collected
in the 14 months period, mostly trapped in February – April 1992 with 83% of
the total. The peak was in March 1992 with 45%. The dipterocarp seeds trapped
amounted 847, equivalent to a mean of 14.9 per m2, mostly of Shorea.
Shorea johorensis had the highest number of seeds trapped, followed by S.
parvistipulata, S. ovalis and S. parvifolia. The dipterocarp seeds
were last trapped in May 1992, and there were no dipterocarp seeds trapped
afterwards until March 1993. The number of diterocarp seeds trapped varied
between plots and may reflect differences in density and species. Higher number
of seeds trapped was from the plots with more productive trees of the
dipterocarps. Non-dipterocarp seeds were trapped mostly during February –
April 1992, with the peak in March 1992. Mass fruiting occurred early in 1992
which followed a gregarious flowering in November – December 1991. The
gregarious flowering was a response to the increase in average maximum
temperature and average maximum irradiation occurred during August – October
1991. Many non-dipterocarps have the same response as dipterocarps to an
increase in temperature and irradiation.
Keywords
:
Seed rain, dipterocarps, logged-over forest, gregarious flowering, mass
fruiting, temperature, irradiation
145.
Y.I. Mandang and Krisdianto, 2001
ANATOMICAL
PROPERTIES OF FIVE MAJOR WOOD SPECIES GROWN IN JAMBI, SUMATERA (Sifat
anatomi dari lima jenis kayu utama yang tumbuh di Jambi, Sumatera)
Buletin
Penelitian Hasil Hutan, Vol. 19 No.2 Tahun 2001, pp 117-136
Ringkasan
Ciri
umum dan anatomi beberapa jenis kayu utama di Jambi, Sumatera, telah dipelajari.
Tujuannya adalah untuk mendapatkan ciri-ciri sebagai landasan
identifikasi kayunya, kegunannya yang sesuai serta kemungkinannya untuk
dibudidayakan secara luas. Lima
jenis kayu utama sudah diamati dan dipertelaakan: balam (Palaquiuni gutta
Bail.), bayur (Pterospennum diversifolium Bl.), medang (Litsea sp), mahang
(Macaranga
pruinosa Muell. Arg.) dan merkubung (M. gigantea Muell.
Arg.). Balam dan bayur cocok untuk bahan konstruksi rumah, kayu lapis dan
mebel. Balam menghasilkan serat berkualitas sedang, bayur menghasilkan serat
berkualitas baik. Oleh karena itu balam dan bayur sangat dianjurkan untuk
dibudidayakan secara luas. Mahang
dan merkubung terlalu ringan dan lunak untuk bahan konstruksi di mana sifat
kekuatan merupakan hal ulama. Namun
mahang dan merkubung menghasilkan serat berkualitas baik sehingga dapat
dianjurkan untuk dibudidayakan sebagai sumber serat. Medang cukup baik untuk
bahan konstruksi dan seratnya juga berkualitas sedang. Namun adanya sel minyak
dalam jaringan kayu serta kemungkinan berpengaruhnya terhadap sifat perekatan
dan pengecatan haruslah diperhatikan sebelum keputusan diambil untuk
pembudidayaannya secara luas.
Kata
kunci : Palaquium, Pterospermum, Litsea, Macaranga, identifikasi, sifat kayu,
pemanfaatan, Jambi, Sumatera
Summary
General
characteristics and anatomical properties of several major wood species in Jamb,
Sumatra, have been studied. The purpose is to find out their characters for
identification, their appropriate uses and their possibilities to be widely
cultivated. Five major wood species have been identified and described: balsam (Palaquium
gutta Bail.), bayur (Pterospermum diversifolium Bl.), medang (Litsea sp.),
mahang (Macaranga pruinosa Meull. Arg.), and merkubung (Macaranga Gigantea
Muell.Arg.). Balam and bayur are suitable for house construction, plywood,
furniture; and their fibers are fairly good for pulp. Therefor balam and bayur
are highly recommended to be widely cultivated. Mahang and merkubung are too
light and soft for construction purposes where strenght properties are of prime
importance. However mahang and merkubung fibers are of good quality so they
still can be recommended to be widely cultivated for pulp source. Medang is
fairly appropriate for construction purposes and having fairly good quality
fibers as well. However the occurrence of oil cells inside wood tissue and the
possible effect of the exudates on gullibility and paint ability, have to be
considered before decision is made for its cultivation in large quantities.
Keywords : Palaquium, Pterospermum, Litsea, Macaranga, wood identification,wood properties, wood utilization, Jambi, Sumatera
146.
Y.I. Mandang dan Usep Sudardji, 2001
ANATOMI
DAN KUALITAS SERAT SEMBILAN JENIS KAYU KURANG DIKENAL ASAL KALIMANTAN TIMUR (Wood
Anatomy and Fiber Quality of Nine Lesser Known Wood Species From East Kalimantan)
Buletin
Penelitian Puslitbang Teknologi Hasil Hutan, Vol. 19 N0. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 41-67
Summary
One
way to overcome the shortages of raw material for wood based industries in
Indonesia nowadays is to utilize the lesser known wood species.
Therefore, the basic properties of this lesser known wood species should
be studied. Wood anatomy of nine
lesser known wood specie from East Kalimantan have been observed and described
for identification purposes and for evaluation of their properties and then
appropriate uses.
For
identification purpose several main features have been noted : 1) Perforation
plot scalarifom in Mastixia trichotoma and Drypetes sp.; 2) closely spaced
parenchyma bands and radial intercellular canal in Ficus Variegata,. 3)
parenchyma reticulate in Drypetes sp, Diospyro macrophylla and Koilodepas sp. ;
4) fiber septate in Glochidion philippicum; 5) rays almost exclusively
homocelullar with gum-like deposite in vessels of Lansium sp.
Seven
aut of nine wood species examined contain fibers of medium quality for pulp and
paper among others : Blumeodendron kurzii, Ficus variegata and Mastixia
trichtoma. The other tw( species
contain fibers with poor quality. Two
species, Drypetes sp and Koilodepas sp. have ligh colour and decorative
appearance and with considerable strength to be used as raw material for fancy
furniture and decorative panel. Ficus
variegata has anatomical structure which allow it to easily be peeled in to fine
decorative veneer for plywood.
Key words : lesser known wood species, wood anatomy, identification, fiber quality
Ringkasan
Salah
satu upaya untuk mengatasi kekurangan pasokan bahan baku industri perkayuan di
Indionesia dewasa ini adalah pemanfaatan jenis-jenis kayu kurang dikenal.
Oleh karena itu sifat dasar jenis-jenis kayu yang kurang dikenal perlu
diselidiki. Sebanyak sembilan jenis kayu kurang dikenal asal Kalimantan Timur
sudah diamati dan dipertelakan untuk keperluan identifikasi serta evaluasi
kemungkinan pemanfaatanya yang sesuai.
Untuk
keperluan identifikasi beberapa ciri utama telah dicatat: 1) Pembuluh dengan
bidang perforasi bentuk tangga pada Mastixia trichotoma don Drypetes sp.; 2)
Parenkim bentuk pita marginal berjarak teratur dan saluran interselular radial
pada Ficus variegata; 3) Parenkim bentuk jala pada Drypetes sp, Diospyros
macrophylla don Koilodepas sp; 4) Serat bersekat pada Glochidion philippicum,.
5) Jari-jari hampir seluruhnya homoselular serta endapan mirip getah dalam
pembuluh Lansium sp.
Dari
sembilan jenis kayu yang diamati terdapat tujuh jenis kayu yang mempunyai serat
berkualitas II (sedang) untuk pulp kertas yaitu antara lain : Blumeodendron
kurzii, Ficus variegata dan Mastixia trichotoma Dua jenis kayu lainnya mempunyai
serat berkualitas rendah.
Dua
jenis kayu yaitu Drypetes sp. dan Koilodepas sp.
Mempunyai warna cerah dan penampilan
menarik serta berkekuatan memadai untuk bahan baku mebel indah dan fanel hias.
Ficus variegata mempunyai susunan anatomi yang memungkinkannya mudah
dikupas serta mempunyai warna dan penampilan menarik untuk dibuat venir muka
kayu lapis.
Kata kunci : kayu kurang dikenal, anatomi, identifikasi, kualitas serat
147.
Y.I. Mandang dan Usep Sudardji, 2001
ANATOMI
DAN KUALITAS SERAT SEPULUH JENIS KAYU ANDALAN DARI JAWA BARAT
Info
Hasil Hutan, Vol. 8 No. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 41-69
Ringkasan
Ciri
umum dan anatomi sepuluh jenis kayu andalan di Jawa Barat sudah diamati dan
dipertelakan guna landasan pengenalan jenis kayunya.
Dimensi seratnya juga diukur guna evaluasi kesesuaiannya untuk bahan baku
pulp kertas.
Untuk
pengenalan jenis kayunya beberapa ciri penting dapat dicatat: 1) kayu tanpa sel
pembuluh dan mengandung saluran damar aksial pada Pinus merkusii Jungh.; 2) kayu
dengan pembuluh tata lingkar pada Toona sureni Merr; 3) kayu dengan saluran
damar aksial berderet tangensial dan dengan pembuluh hampir seluruhnya soliter
pada kayu Dryobalanops lanceolata Burck.; 4) kayu dengan saluran interselular
radial 2 macam ukuran pada Alstonia congensis Engi.; 5) kayu dengan parenkim
bentuk sayap serta mengandung kristal prismatik berderet vertikat dalam utas
parenkim bersekat pada Enterolobium cyclocarpuni Griseb; 6) kayu dengan sel
minyak dalam jari jari dan parenkim Cinamomum parthenoxylon Meisn. dan berbau
harum; 7) kayu dengan jari jari dua macam lebar serta pembuluh berderet
tangensial pada Grevillea robusta A. Cunn.; 8) kayu dengan parenkim pita
berjarak kurang teratur pada Azadirachia excelsa Jack dan Swietenia macrophylla
King, 9) kayu dengan pembuluh agak kecil dan umumnya berganda radial 2-4 sel
serta tanpa sel minyak pada Litsea cubeba Pers.
Dari
10 jenis kayu yang diamati terdapat 4 jenis yang mempunyai penampilan dekoratif
serta mempunyai kekuatan yang memadai untuk digunakan sebagai bahan baku mebel
indah yaitu Azadirachta excelsa, Swietenia macrophylla, Toona sureni dan
Grevillea robusta. Selanjutnya
terdapat dua jenis yang mempunyai serat berkualitas 1, baik untuk pulp, yaitu
Enterolobium cyclocarpum dan Toona sureni.
Jenis kayu lainnya hanya mempunyai serat yang tergolong kualitas II
sampai III.
Kata
kunci : anatomi kayu, kualitas serat, jenis kayu andalan,
Jawa Barat
148.
Yelin Adalina, Ign. Purwanto
dan Murniati, 2001
ANALISIS
POTENSI KESUBURAN ALAMI TANAH PADA LAHAN HUTAN TANAMAN Acacia auriculiformis
Buletin
Penelitian Hutan, Puslitbang Hutan & KA, No. 625 Tahun 2001, pp 1
Summary
A
study of natural soil fertility potential status has been conducted under
plantation forest land of Acacia auriculiformis at Sumenep, Madura, East Java.
The
result showed that according to textural soil analysis, the soils under the
plantation forest have light to very light texture, i.e: sandy clay loam to
sandy clay. These soil texture
classes were feasible for the growth of the forest tree species being studied.
The
soil reaction (soil pH) were found at moderate level (pH 3,38 to pH 6,28). This
is good condition for growing many species of tree.
On the other hand the organic matter content of the soil were found very
law (< 1%) as well as the content of total soil nitrogen (also very low) 0,07
- 0,16 %.
Some
location showed that the total soil phosphorus nutrient was found low level and
the other locations moderate to high level. From the cations proportion analysis
it was found that concentration varies from low to moderate, while cations Mg
occour in balance proportion (moderate level) in all locations studied.
Even though
the base saturation of the soils were found moderate to high (43 - 88%), but
cation exchange capacity were classified as low (6,11 - 8,82 me/100 gr).
The
soils under A. auriculifomis plantation forest land does not show excessive
concentration of Al3- and Fe3+ ions. Thus
there were no low toxicity phenomenon.
It
is concluded that some effort should be done in order to improve the natural
soil fertility status through green manure application to the plantation forest
land for raising C-organic content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values of
the soils.
149.
Yudilastiantoro, Kristian Mairi
POLA PENGELOLAAN HUTAN RAKYAT DI DAERAH TANGKAPAN DANAU LIMBOTO SULAWESI UTARA (The Pattern of Community Forest Management on Catchment Area of Limboto Lake, Sulawesi Utara)
Buletin Teknologi Pengelolaan DAS UP hal 1-12 th 2001
Summary
This
research was carried out at Limboto catchments which rolled as Limboto lake's
water catchments, Gorontalo province. The
research was held from November 1999 until February 2000.
The
aim of the research was to get a pattern of community forest management which
could be adopted by the community. The
way of collecting datas wasy survey method and questioner for interview with
community public figure and progressive farmers.
Area observation have being held by consultative and individual
approaches. Total respondent from
three research locations were 90 persons.
The
results showed that the best community forest management is pattern I which used
rolling mutual cooperation and coordinate by a leader of community forest farm
group.
The
average of farmer's income from community forest farming by using pattern I was
Rp. 1.587.20,-/ha/year or Rp. 396.800,-/capita/year. This income was still under
poverty line standard with assumption that the minimum standard is Rp.
712.000,-/capita/year. There were still some opportunities due to the fact that
the community forest has not produced woods yet.
Average age of the trees is two years, so the farmer's income still can
be increased. Estimated production
estimate of the trees for 8 years was 26 m3/ha or equivalent with Rp.
5.200.000,-.
Keywords
: management patten, community forest, tree production, income
150.
Yusuf
S. Jafarsidik & Tjuk Sasmito Hadi
POPULASI
JENIS POIION TINGKAT SEMAI DAN BELTA SERTA POTENSI POHON JENIS DIPTEROKARPA DAN
NON DIPTEROKARPA PADA AREAL BEKAS TEBANGAN DI HPH PT.
AYA YAYANG INDONESIA, KALIMANTAN SELATAN (Population of seedlings and
saplings and potential of dipterocarp and non- dipterocarp trees in the
logged-over forests at PT. Aya
Yayang Indonesia, South Kalimantan)
Logged-over
forests may be regarded as a severely disturbed natural system, and through
natural dynamic processes and with an appropriate management system sustainable
forest production may be maintained.
The
study was aimed to assess demography of seedlings, saplings and trees in the
remaining stands, and further study will be conducted to observe forest
population dynamic after logging, including pattern of growth, mortality and
recruitment of trees, seedlings and saplings.
The assessment is expected to provide a better understanding of forest
dynamic after logging for sustainable forest management.
An
inventory was conducted in the logged-over forests of 2 (Block A), 5 (Block B)
and 10 (Block C) years after logging, each in 5 plots randomly placed on 500 by
500 m (= 25 ha) area, 15 plots in total. Seedlings
were studied in 1 by 1 m quadrate (25 quadrates in each plot), saplings in 5 by
5 m quadrate (5 quadrates each plot) and trees in 10 by 10 m subplot (25
subplots each plot).
The
result of the inventory indicated there were at least 280 species of seedlings
and saplings occurring in all the plots. Seedlings
comprised of 107 species and saplings 212 species.
Trees comprised of at least 20 dipterocarp species, most of non
dipterocarps have not been identified.
Block
A had 58 species of seedlings with the density of 8,800 ha, Block B 55 species
with 9,840 ha and Block C 99 species with 10,400 ha.
Species of saplings in Block A was 99 with the density of 3,648 ha, Block
B 76 with 2,048 ha and Block C 123 with 4,480 ha.
Number of species and density of seedlings and saplings was highest in
Block C.
The
highest basal area of trees (³10
cm dbh) occurred in Block B with 25.4 m2 ha and the least in Block A with 17.2
m' ha-'. The stand basal areas are
more or less the same like in the logged-over forests in Kintap (1996 figure),
South Kalimantan. Dipterocarp trees
mostly occurred in Block B and the least in Block C. Trees were dominated by Elateriospermum
tapos (Euphorbiaceae) in every Block. The
endemic species, Endertia spectabilis (Leguminosae),
might be occurring in contradictory with dipterocarps, based on its occurrence
where it occurred a lot in an area when the dipterocarps occurred less.
Dipterocarps
occurring as seedlings, saplings and trees included Dipterocarpus
grandiflorus, Dryobalanops lanceolata, Hopea mengerawan, Shorea gibbose, S.
hopeifolia, S. johorensis, S. laevifolia, S. leprosula, S. ovalis, S. pamiffolia,
S. pinanga and S. smithiana.
Keywords
: seedlings, saplings, trees, population, dipterocarp, non-dipterocarps,
logged-overforest, South Kalimantan
151.
Yusuf
S. Jafarsidik and Tjuk Sasmito Hadi
INDIGENOUS
TREE SPECIES AS UNDERGROWTHS IN THE RIAM KIY PLANTATION TRIAL, SOUTH KALIMANTAN
(Jenis-jenis pohon lokal di bawah tegakan tanaman percobaan di Riam Kiwa,
Kalimantan Selatan)
Buletin
Teknologi Reboisasi BTR Banjarbaru No.6 hal
35-46 th 2001
Rehabilitasi
lahan hutan yang didominasi alang-alang, Imperata cylindric merupakan prioritas
pertama sektor kehutanan di Indonesia, terutama di Kalimant Selatan.
Luas alang-alang di Indonesia diperkirakan sekitar 8,5 juta hektar
diantaranya 500.000 hektar terdapat di Kalimantan Selatan (Garrity et al. 1997).
Rehabilitasi
lahan alang-alang mempergunakan jenis-jenis pohon eksot tumbuh cepat telah
terbukti berhasil dan efisien. Penelitiari
telah banyak dilakukan, meliputi pemilihan jenis, ujicoba provenans dan
teknik-teknik silvikultur. Dapat
dikatan bahwa masalah-masalah teknik dasar rehabilitasi lahan. alang-alang telah
dapat diatasi.
Rehabilitasi
lahan alang-alang dengan menggunakan jenis tanaman eksot tumbu cepat mempunyai
dua tujuan, yaitu yang pertama untuk tujuan komersil tanaman itu sendiri dan
yang kedua sebagai fase antara menuju terbentuknya hutan alam denga komposisi
jenis-jenis pohon lokal.
Apabila
tidak terganggu oleh api lahan alang-alang secara alamiah pertama-tama akan
ditumbuhi jenis-jenis pohon pionir dan sekunder, dan kemudian jenis-jenis pohon
primer. Hal itu pasti terjadi akan
tetapi berlangsung dalam jangka waktu yang sangat lama.
Proses tersebut dapat dipercepat dengan tanaman perkayaan, pembebasan dai
pemilihan jenis pohon yang paling diperlukan.
Inventarisasi
jenis pohon yang tumbuh di bawah tegakan tanaman di Riam Kiwa telah dilaksanakan
sebanyak dua kali, yaitu yang pertama tahun
1992 dan kemudian tahun 2000 Inventarisasi yang dilaksanakan pada tahun 1992
dengan intensitas 100% menghasilkan sebanyak 89 jenis pohon, meliputi 81% jenis
pionir dan 19% jenis pohon primer . Inventarisasi pada tahun 2000 dengan
intensitas 2% menghasilkan sebanyak 90 jenis pohon terdiri dari 26% jenis pionir
dan 74% jenis primer. Perbedaan dasar antara dua inventarisasi tersebut adalah
dalam jumlah dan komposisi jenis dimana terjadi perubahan secara gradual. Hal
ini menunjukkan bahwa proses suksesi menuju hutan alam sedang berlangsung.
Beberapa
jenis yang umum diketemukan pada kedua inventarisasi tersebut antara lain adalah
Alstonia aiigtistiloba, Buchanania arborescen dan Vitex
pubeseens.
Jenis-jenis yang diketemukan pada tingkat pohon ( > 1 0 cm dbh)
termasuk Alstonia angustiloba, A. scholaris, Buchanania arborescen, Bridelia
monoica, Dracontomelon dao dan Macaranga javanica dengan diameter mencapai 14 cm
dan tinggi 10 M.
Key
words : indigenous undergrowth, plantation, pioneer species, primary species,
South Kalimantan
152.
Zakaria Basari, Wesman Endom dan Dulsalam, 2001
KAJIAN
PRAKIRAAN BIAYA PRODUKSI SISTEM TEBANG PENYELAMATAN DI HUTAN RAWA BEKAS
KEBAKARAN SUATU KASUS DI PERUSAHAAN HPH PT.
SRIBUNIAN PROPINSI SUMATRA SELATAN
Info
Hasil Hutan, Vol. 8 No. 1, Tahun 2001, pp 31-40
Ringkasan
Penelitian
ini menjelaskan kegiatan pemanenan di areal hutan produksi alami bekas kebakaran
dengan sistem tebang penyelamatan, untuk memanfaatkan kayu dari tegakan yang
sudah mali akibat adanya kebakaran.
Pelaksanaan
penelitian dilakukan pada Bulan September 1999 di perusahaan HPH PT Sribunian
yang berlokasi di Cabang Dinas Kehutanan Ogan Komering llir, Dinas Kehutanan
Propinsi Dati I Sumatra Selatan.
Materi
yang diteliti adalah biaya pendapatan dari yang sudah terjual sebanyak 40.520,47
m3, total biaya pengeluaran dan biaya produksi yang terdiri dari biaya umum,
pemeliharaan jalan dan base camp, perencanaan eksploilasi, pelaksanaan
pembalakan, pembinaan hutan dan pemasaran besarnya masing-masing biaya tersebut
adalah Rp 8.711.858.050, Rp 4.738.825.135, Rp 7.897,28/M3, Rp 419,54/m3, Rp
18.082,70/m3, Rp 1.110,.55/m3, dan Rp 88.821,98/M3. Laba perusahaan yang
dihasilkan sebesar Rp 3.672.629.
Kata
kunci : produksi kayu, biaya, laba
IDENTIFIKASI
BEBERAPA JENIS EKTOPARASIT (CAPLAK DAN TUNGAU) YANG TERDAPAT PADA BURUNG
MERANDAI DI CAGAR ALAM PULAU RAMBUT (Identification
of Some Ectoparasites (Ticks and Mites) at Tize Coastal Birds Pulau Rambut
Nature Reserve)
Buletin
Penelitian, P3H&KA, No. 626 Th. 2001
The
population size of coastal birds in Pulau Rambut Natural Reserve is constantly
decreasing. Among the main causes
are : people's activity along the shore, habitat degradation, illegal hunting,
and invasion of bats. Another important factor that may also contribute to the
population decrease is the existence of ectoparasites such as ticks and mites
that influence the birds health. A research inventory and identify such
ectoparasites was carried out in January 1997.
It was found there are 33 colonization of ticks (Argas
robertsi) and 13 colonization of mites (Ornythonyssus
sp) on the nests of the coastal birds up
on the tree. In addition, the same
parasites, both of larvae and adult stages, were also found on the nests located
beneath trees. Larvae of Ornythonyssus sp were
also found on trees. Ornythonyssus
sp. is more dominant (72% of the total parasite population) compare to Argas
robertsi. The
existence of these ectoparasites, which were reported to cause several health
disturbances on animal and human as well, might indeed among the cause of the
decrease of the bird population.
Keywords : ectoparasites, coastal birds, Pulau Rambut, population decrease